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Principles of Radiographic Exposure > Basic Physics > Flashcards

Basic Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What is science?

A

The use of knowledge in an organized and classified manner

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2
Q

What is natural science?

A

The study of the universe and its contents

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3
Q

What 2 categories can natural sciences be divided into?

A

Physics and biology

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4
Q

Define physics

A

Study of nonliving matter

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5
Q

Define biology

A

Study of living matter

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6
Q

What is matter?

A

Substance that comprises all physical objects (anything that has mass and occupies space— all physical things)

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7
Q

What is matter comprised of?

A

Very small particles known as atoms

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8
Q

What is mass?

A

Matter is mass - quantity of matter contained in an object

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9
Q

What is weight?

A

Force that an object exerts under the influence of gravity?

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10
Q

What is substance?

A

A material that has a definite and constant composition

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11
Q

Simple substances are called…

A

Elements

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12
Q

Complex substances are called…

A

Compounds

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13
Q

What forms a mixture?

A

2 or more substances together

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14
Q

What is the structure of matter?

A
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15
Q

Elements cannot…

A

Be broken down into any simpler substance

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16
Q

How many elements are naturally occurring and how many elements are created in a lab?

A

92 naturally occurring elements

18 elmements created in the lab

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17
Q

What is a compound?

A

2 or more elements chemically united

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18
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smaller divided part of matter than can enter into combinations or chemical reactions with other atoms

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19
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms chemically united

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20
Q

Define energy

A

The ability to do work

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21
Q

What is radiation?

A

When energy is emitted and transferred through matter

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22
Q

Heat and light can radiate by…

A

Glowing

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23
Q

Ancient Greeks thought only these 4 things existed.

A
  1. Water
  2. Earth
  3. Fire
  4. Air
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24
Q

What did Dalton do in the early 1800s?

A

Separated elements based on mass

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25
Q

What did separating elements based on mass lead to?

A

Mendeleev’s development of the periodic table of elements

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26
Q

Describe this image

A

Midieval atom

The Greeks envisioned 4 different atoms representing air, fire, earth, and water. These symbols were adopted by midievel alchemists.

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27
Q

Describe this image

A

Dalton’s atom — had hooks and eyes to accoun for chemical combination

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28
Q

Describe this image

A

Thomson’s model of atom

Described as plum pudding with plums representing electrons

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29
Q

Describe this image

A

Bohr’s atom

small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in precise energy levels

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30
Q

What was Rutherford’s (1911) atomic theory?

A

Dense, positive nucleus surrounded by cloud of negative electrons

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31
Q

Who is Niels Bohr (1913)?

A

He expanded on Rutherford’s work –

  • miniature solar system
  • aotms are actually more complex than this models but is simple to understand
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32
Q

Schrodinger

A
  • Foundation of modern physics
  • quantum physics or wave mechanics (orbital electrons are assigned probabilities for occupying any located with the atom
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33
Q

Define nucleus

A

Central body (small, dense center contains nucleons (protons + and neurons 0)

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34
Q

What do electrons do?

A

Orbit around the nucleus in the shells

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35
Q

What are the building blocks of all matter?

A

Nucleons and electrons

36
Q

Electrons ____ be divided into smaller parts

A

Electrons CANNOT

37
Q

Protons and neutrons are composed of even smaller subnuclear structures called

A

QUARKS

38
Q

What is M theory?

A

Electrons and quarks may not be particles but instead small loops of rapidly vibrating string-like matter. This theory is now called the string-theory.

39
Q

How is electrical stability maintained?

A

Through equal number of protons and electrons

40
Q

What is atomic number or Z number?

A

Distinguishes elements by number of protons contained in nucleus

41
Q

If you change the Z # you change…

A

The element

ex)

Radioactive decay

  • radium (z#88) emits alpha particle
  • decays to radon (z#86)
42
Q

What is ionization?

A

Process of adding or subtracting an electron from its shell

43
Q

The removal of an electron results in the ______ of the atom

A

IONIZATION (unstable atom)

44
Q

What is a charged atom called?

A

Ion

45
Q

In what 2 ways does ionization occur

A
  1. Bombarding matter with x-radiation
  2. Bombarding matter with electrons
46
Q

What is atomic mass (A)?

A

Number of protons and neutrons

47
Q

Define orbital shells

A

The location where an electron might be at any given time

48
Q

What are the orbital shells?

A

KLMNOPQ

goes with

1234567

(K1, L2, M3, etc)

inner most shells starts with k

49
Q

What is the electron capacity?

A

2n²

50
Q

Find O in orbital electrons

A

2(5)²

2x 25=50

51
Q

What is electron binding energy (Eb)?

A

Energy needed to eject electron from atom

52
Q

Electron binding energy is related to…

A

How close electron is to nucleus (closer the shell to the nucleus, the more binding energy)

53
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

An atom never has more than 8 electrons in its outer shell

54
Q

An atom with 8 electrons in its outer shell is…

A

Chemically stable (inert)

55
Q

What is electron volt (eV)?

A

The unit of measurement of the binding energy of an electron

56
Q

The outer electrons have greater energy when the electrons are closer to the…

A

Nucleus

57
Q

To “knock” out an electron from their shell, the incoming energy must be…

A

Greater than the binding energy of the electron

58
Q

Define energy

A

The ability to do work

59
Q

Define work

A

Force x distance

60
Q

A force acting upon an object over a distance expends…

A

Energy

61
Q

What is mechanical energy?

A

Action of physical movement

62
Q

What are 2 types of mechanical energy

A

Potential and kinetic

63
Q

Define potential mechanical energy

A

Stored energy

64
Q

Define kinetic mechanical energy

A

Energy in motion

65
Q

Define chemical energy

A

Energy released from a chemical reaction

ex) a body converts chemical energy from food into mechanical energy or movement
ex) a battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

66
Q

What’s another term for heat energy?

A

Thermal energy

67
Q

Heat energy is a result of…

A

Movement of molecules

68
Q

What measures thermal energy?

A

Temperature

ex) a toaster converts electrical energy into heat energy

69
Q

What is electrical energy?

A

Electricity

70
Q

What is electricity?

A

Result of movement of electrons in a conductor

71
Q

How is nuclear energy obtained?

A

By breaking bonds between particles within a nucleus

72
Q

Nuclear power plants convert nuclear energy to…

A

Electricity

73
Q

Define electromagnetic (EM) energy

A

Combination of electric and magnetic fields traveling through space

ex) radio, microwaves

74
Q

What 3 things do electromagnetic waves consist of?

A

Wavelength, amplitude, frequency

75
Q

Define wavelengh

A

Distance between any 2 successive crests

76
Q

Define amplitude

A

Height of crest to valley

77
Q

Define frequency

A

of crest passing a given point in a given time

78
Q

Wavelength and frequency are…

A

Inversely proportional (one goes up, the other goes down)

79
Q

As wavelengh decreases (shortens), what increases?

A

Penetrating power

80
Q

What travels at the speed of light?

A

Wavelengths

81
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Ranking of the wide ranges of energy

(wavelengths, frequency, and energy)

82
Q

What is an angstrom (Å) equal to?

A

10-10 meters

(one ten-billionth of a meter)

83
Q

What are the units of diagnostic x-ray wavelengths?

A

Å 0.1 - 0.5

84
Q

As wavelength goes up, what goes down?

A

As wavelengths go up, FREQUENCY goes down

85
Q
A
86
Q
A
87
Q

Put these in order of electromagnetic spectrum

cosmic rays, Gamma rays, heat, infrared ray, radar, radio, TV, ultraviolet rays, visible light (Roy G Biv)

POSSIBLE TEST QUESTION PER DONNA

A

Principles of Radiographic Exposure (18 decks)

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