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Principles of Radiographic Exposure > X-Ray Equipment > Flashcards

X-Ray Equipment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of x-ray equipment?

A
  1. Diagnostic
  2. Therapeutic
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2
Q

What are the therapeutic ranges in mA, minutes and meV (million electron-volts)?

A
  • Less than 20 mA
  • 1-60 minutes
  • 4-40 meV
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3
Q

What are the diagnostic ranges in mA, minutes and kVp(kilovoltage peak)?

A
  • 10-1200 mA
  • 0.001 to 10 seconds
  • 25-150 kVp
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4
Q

What are the requirements for an x-ray table?

A
  • Supports patient
  • Uniform radiolucent surface
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5
Q

What must the x-ray table be?

A
  • Easy to clean
  • Free of crevices that could collect contrast media
  • Difficult to scratch
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6
Q

What does the bucky tray do?

A

Holds the cassette or IR

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7
Q

Where is the bucky tray located?

A

Under surface of table

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8
Q

What does the the bucky tray include?

A

Includes reciprocating grid

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9
Q

Cassette/grid can be _____ under patient

A

Cassette/grid can be MOVED under patient

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of x-ray table?

A
  1. Flat top
  2. Curved top
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11
Q

Describe flat top tables

A
  • More commonly used
  • Easier to judge positioning of patient for obliques
  • Easier for tabletop work (extremities)
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12
Q

Describe curved top tables

A
  • More comfortable for patient
  • Tabletop work more difficult
  • Difficult for obliques, laterals, and cross-table laterals (because patient’s body sinks down into crevice)
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13
Q

What are the 2 different types of table models?

A

Fixed (90/90) and tilting (15/90)

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14
Q

What are are some things that tables can have?

A
  • Footboard
  • Shoulder supports and handgrips
  • Floating top
  • Compression bands (also can be used for restrains)
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15
Q

What does the tube support hold?

A

Holds the X-ray tube

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16
Q

What does the tube support allow you to do?

A

Allow you to move X-ray tube with ease above the patient

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17
Q

What are the numerous configurations of tube supports?

A
  • Overhead
  • Floor to ceiling
  • Floor
  • Mobile (portable)
  • C-arm
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18
Q

What can you use the upright unit for (types of x-rays)?

A
  • Chest
  • Abdomen
  • AC joints
  • Cervical spine
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19
Q

What are the types of portable units?

A
  • CR capability
  • Regular unit
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20
Q

What are other specialized diagnostic equipment (7)?

A
  • Mammography
  • Tomography
  • Head units
  • Dental/panoramic
  • CT
  • Radiation therapy simulators
  • Urologic
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21
Q

What does the generator do?

A

Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

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22
Q

Incoming line current are also called _____ in the U.S.

And in the U.S. we have _______ current or ___ current

A

Incoming line current are also called MAINS in the U.S.

And in the U.S. we have ALTERNATING current or AC current

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23
Q

What does a line voltage compensator do?

A

Measures and regulates the incoming voltage to x-ray equipment

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24
Q

With a line voltage compensator, if there’s any _____ in the incoming voltage, the ____ will give you a ____.

A

With a line voltage compensator, if there’s any FLUCTUATIONS in the incoming voltage, the METER will give you a READING.

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25
Q

What types of adjustment does the line voltage compensator have?

A
  • Manual adjustment
  • Automatic adjustment
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26
Q

Define current

A

Number of electrons flowing past a given point per unit of time

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27
Q

What can the flow of currents be?

A
  • Direct current (DC)
  • Alternating current (AC)
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28
Q

Define direct current

A

Flow of electrons in ONE direction along wire

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29
Q

Define alternating current

A

Flow of electrons going back and forth

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30
Q

Which one is direct current and which one is alternating current?

A
  • Top= alternating current
  • Bottom= direct current
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31
Q

What type of current does the US supply?

A

Alternating current

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32
Q

What type of current does the X-ray tube require?

A

Direct current

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33
Q

Define rectification

A

The process in which AC is changed to pulsating DC

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34
Q

The x-ray ____ must ____ the AC to DC between reaching X-ray tube

A

The x-ray CIRCUIT must CHANGE the AC to DC between reaching X-ray tube

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35
Q

Single-phase power is also known as…

A

Half wave rectification

36
Q

Define single-phase power or half wave rectification

A

Only half of the AC is being converted into pulsating DC

37
Q

What is not used in single-phase power/half wave rectification?

A

Opposing current

38
Q

Single phase power or half wave rectification _______ the potential ______ to drop to ______ with every ______ change

A

Single phase power or half wave rectification PERMITS the potential DIFFERENCE to drop to ZERO with every CYCLE change

39
Q

Multiphase power (“Three phase”) is also known as…

A

Full wave rectification

40
Q

What does multiphase power or full wave rectification do?

A

Converts opposing half of incoming AC so electrons are always moving in same direction

41
Q

Multiphase power or full wave rectification ______ ______ current so it can be ____.

A

Multiphase power or full wave rectification REDIRECTS OPPOSING current so it can be USED.

42
Q

Which one is single phase and which one is multiphase?

A

Top= single phase

Bottom= multiphase

43
Q

What does 1ϕ symbolize?

A

Single phase

44
Q

What is avoided during 1ϕ?

A

Opposing current

45
Q

What does 3ϕ symbolize?

A

Three phase

46
Q

With 3ϕ, as each wave peak begins to _______, opposing current is ___________ (never drops to 0).

A

With 3ϕ, as each wave peak begins to DROP TO 0, opposing current is BOOSTED BACK TO PEAK (never drops to 0).

47
Q

What percentage of kVp is recieved with a 1ϕ?

A

70.7% of peak voltage is used

Ex) 80 kVp selected, 56.56 kVP is what’s recieved

70.7% x 80kVp

.707 x 80= 56.56 kVp

48
Q

What percentage of kVp is received with a 3ϕ, 6 pulse generator?

A

95.6% of selected kVP

49
Q

What percentage of kVp is used in a 3ϕ, 12 pulse generator?

A

98.9% of selected voltage

50
Q

What are the types of x-ray circuits?

A
  • Main circuit
  • Filament circuit
51
Q

What does the main circuit do?

A

Supplies x-ray tube with current (power)

52
Q

What is the purpose of the main circuit?

A

Produce x-rays

53
Q

What does the circuit breaker control in the main switch?

A

Circuit breaker controls incoming power to x-ray room (on or off)

54
Q

What’s an exposure switch?

A

2 step button - rotor on/exposure on

55
Q

What does the exposure switch do?

A

Permits current to flow through circuit (on or off)

56
Q

The exposure switch must be attached to…

A

The control panel

57
Q

How long is the exposure switch cord on portables?

A

6ft

58
Q

The exposure switch must be what kind of switch?

A

A dead man switch (automatically terminates the exposure when the finger ceases to press on the timer button)

59
Q

What does the timer do?

A

Regulates length of time X-ray tube is connected to circuit (controls length of exposure time)

60
Q

What are the types of timers?

A
  • Synchronous timer
  • Electronic timer
  • Milliamperage-seconds timer (mA)
  • Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)
61
Q

What is the most common type of timer?

A

Electronic timer

62
Q

How does a synchronous timer operate?

A

Operates from a simple motor at the same rate as the generator

63
Q

How are the time values given for a synchronous timer?

A

In fractions - 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1

64
Q

How does an electronic timer operate?

A

Operated by a microprocessor which calculates the length of time the current will flow

65
Q

What is the time value for electronic timers?

A

Decimal time values

66
Q

How does a milliamperage- seconds timer operate?

A

Monitors the product of mA and time.

67
Q

Where are milliamperage-seconds timers (mAs) used?

A

Portables

68
Q

What’s another term for automatic exposure control (AEC)?

A

Phototiming

69
Q

How does an AEC timer operate?

A

Stops exposure time when a pre-determined density level is reached

70
Q

What does an AEC or phototiming do?

A

Takes over exposure timer switch when a pre-determined quantity of radiation has been reached

71
Q

What kind of tube does the filament circuit have?

A

Coolidge tube

72
Q

What is a Coolidge tube and what does it do?

A

Coolidge tube= hot filament wire

  • lengthens the life of the X-ray tube
73
Q

What does the filament circuit do?

A

Controls the heat applied to the filament coil

74
Q

What amperes and volts flow through filament coil to keep tube “warm”?

A

3-5 amperes and 6-12 volts flow through filament coil to keep tube “warm”

75
Q

Define kVp

A

Potential differences in charges (anode + and cathode -) of the tube, penetration of the x-ray beam, wavelength, energy of the beam, speed of electrons, contrast or gray scale

76
Q

Define ampere

A

Filament current (flow of electrons)

77
Q

Define time

A

Length of exposure (time of electron flow)

78
Q

What does the rotor switch do?

A

Turns the target

79
Q

Define exposure switch

A

Moment of the radiation exposure

80
Q

Kilo =

A

Kilo = 1,000

75kVp= 75,000 volts

81
Q

Define volts

A

Unit of energy or power of the beam

82
Q

Milli =

A

1/1000

Ex) 400mA = .4amperes

(divide by 1000 to convert)

83
Q

Define ampere

A

Current or flow of electrons

84
Q

Define seconds

A

Length of exposure time

85
Q

What is combined to get mAs

A

mA and seconds are combined into one unit

mAs= mA x S

Principles of Radiographic Exposure (18 decks)

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