ww1

Question 1

what are some reasons for america’s initial neutrality

Answer 1

• jingoism, exceptionalism
• wilson wants re-election
• trade (ppl at war can’t produce)

Question 2

groups FOR us joining ww1

Answer 2

• unions: ceased strikes to support the ww1 cause
• irish americans, german americans were against britain
• many others immigrants traced roots back to britain, supported allies
• anti-kaiser wilhelm of germany (moral) who was anti-democracy
• preparedness movement (american business leaders who supported preparing for war)
• national security league: promoted patriotism and national sentiment, got govt. to invest in training and arms preparedness

Question 3

groups AGAINST us joining ww1

Answer 3

• unions: domestic issues like wages wouldn’t be addressed
• germany: didn’t want us involvement
• peace/pacifist movement: former Populists, Midwest Progressives, and social reformers
• American Union Against Militarism
• congress advocates who funded preparedness thru taxes to discourage its popularity
• Eugene v debs
• senator norris
• wilson (initially).

Question 4

two types of nationalism

Answer 4

A: country acts in their own country’s interests

B: diverse ethnic groups (sought self gov, etc)

Question 5

governing causes of ww1

Answer 5

militarism, alliances industrialization, imperialism, nationalism

Question 6

triple entente

Answer 6

United Kingdom, France, and Russia

great britain & france – “Entente Cordiale”

Question 7

know these ww1 war jargon terms!

Answer 7

• schlieffen plan (first strike strat)
• two front war
• german advance
• stalemate
• no mans land
• trench warfare

Question 8

ww1 battles

Answer 8

1) battle of marne
french and british forces stopped german advance at river marne –> trenches

2) battle of somme
allied soldiers didn’t expect artillery like machine guns, 57k british died –> both sides accumulated up to 200k+ deaths

Question 9

declaration of neutral rights

Answer 9

1) neutral countries can trade w/ other neutral countries
2) neutral countries can trade non-military supplies w any countries
3) neutral countries can arrange loans with any countries
4) naval warships must evacuate passengers before sinking non military ship

Question 10

englands blockade

Answer 10

(1914)

• limits goods to neutral ports
• interferes with communication between germany and us (telegraph link)

(1915)

• blockade extended to any vessels carrying stuff to germany
• cut off us trade w/ neutral countries

(1916)

• trade jumps to 3 billion
• house-grey memorandum: If england and france call peace conference and cp refuse, us joins allies

Question 11

germany sinks boats

Answer 11

germany declared british isles a war zone

(1915)

• british luxury liner lusitania sinks and kills 128 americans
• british passenger liner arabic sinks kills 2 americans

(1916)

• sinks french liner sussex

Question 12

arabic vs sussex

Answer 12

arabic pledge: germany pays indemnity, signs arabic pledge that says they will not sink passenger ships without evacuation and rescue of passengers

sussex pledge: after germany violates arabic, they won’t sink anymore passenger/merchant ships

Question 13

wilson’s 14 pts

Answer 13

• peace without victory
• right to self determination & end of colonies
• limit on size of army and navy
• recognition of rights of neutral countries & freedom of seas
• no secret alliances
• league of Nations

Question 14

1917 ESCALATION

Answer 14

• germany unrestricted submarine warfare w/ u-boats
• zimmerman telegram

Question 15

liberty bonds

Answer 15

special war bonds to support the allies
- initiated by mcadoo (sec of treasury) and raised 20 bill

75k 4-minute men
artists, actors
boys/girls scouts

Question 16

industry shift

Answer 16

commercial –> war industry
wilson set up ‘dollar-a-year- men’ to take up agency posts

war industry board: war production, resources, manufacturing, prices

war trade board: licensed foreign trade, punished firms suspected of dealing w/ enemy

national war labor board: settled labor disputes disrupting the war

war labor policies board: set standards for wages, hours, and working conditions in war industries

Question 17

food & fuel

Answer 17

• lever food & fuel control act gave prez power to manage production of food and fuel
• food administration (price controls, rationing), voluntary restraint, gospel of clean plate
• fuel administration (daylight saving time)

Question 18

committee of public information

Answer 18

George Creel - rallying war effort and patriotism

produced short films, pamphlets, posters for recruitment & bonds
- newspapers super pro-war, govt made things copyright free and newspaper recycled information

Question 19

fear of foreigners

Answer 19

• german embassy member left a briefcase with plans to disrupt american economies and turn the americans against the allies
• 100% americanism – NSL (override wilson’s veto for immigrant literacy test)
• hate the huns / lynching of Robert Prager

american protective association: rooting out German ties

Question 20

legislative action during ww1 for loyalty

Answer 20

Espionage Act (1917): illegal to interfere with the draft

Sedition Act (1918) –sedition is any speech or action encouraging rebellion– made it illegal to obstruct Liberty bond sale or speak negatively about the government

government pursued 1.5k prosecutions and had 1k conviction

Question 21

changes in lifestyle & labor

Answer 21

• military became more normalized
• women and afram filled jobs & became more involved in society (jobs, war involvement)

POST WAR:
- initial economic downturn, then boom
- 4k servicemen were being mustered out a day, but there was no plan to help these troops merge back into society
- federal agencies controlling economies abruptly cancelled war contracts
- women who took up mens jobs had to leave/were fired
- black soldiers didn’t receive same respect as white soldiers

Question 22

paris peace conference

Answer 22

David Lloyd George (GB)
George Clemenceau (France)
Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

allies wanted CP to pay with lands, goods, livestock, money, and colonies

Question 23

League of Nations controversy

Answer 23

(1) drag America into unpopular foreign wars and
(2) take Congress’ power over declaring war away

irreconcilables – could not accept the treaty and believed the League would threaten American independence
> Senators Borah and Johnson

reservationist – accepted the League but wanted reservations/restrictions on American participation
> henry lodge

Question 24

afram contribution to war

Answer 24

graves registration service: men dissenter fallen soldiers

92nd infantry division: distinguished afram combat soldiers condemned by white southerners

369 regiment (harlem hellfighters): transfered afram soldiers to france – best record of any american unit

Question 25

immigrants in war

Answer 25

1/5th of armed soldiers were immigrants
rainbow division: uniting hyphenated americans to leave the hyphen behind