westward expansion

Question 1

sharecropping

Answer 1

landlord gives tenant land in exchange for share of crops
- mechanization and migration put an end to this (ppl had more access to land)
- ppl had no legal claim to land/crops they owned, only provided labor

Question 2

tenant farming

Answer 2

landowners contribute land, tenants contribute labor
- unlike sharecropping, they can own supplies, equipment and animals

Question 3

plessy v ferguson (1896)

Answer 3

“separate but equal”
- legal basis for racial segregation
- overturned in 1954 by brown v board of edu

Question 4

migration pull factors

Answer 4

1) civil war displaced workers & slaves, no choice but to move out
2) entrepreneurs needed future chance, no choice but to invest/speculate on west
3) people moved to escape religious prosecution (utah, mormons)

Question 5

pacific railways act (1862)

Answer 5

> 175 million acres of land creating the transcontinental railway across the middle of the country
- central pacific from right, union pacific from left

Question 6

morrill land grant act (1862)

Answer 6

gave state government millions of acres to sell as land grants to make colleges specializing in agriculture

Question 7

homestead act (1862)

Answer 7

160 acres each person — created 372k farms over 80 million acres with 600k claims
- expanded private property, enterprise, & a free market

Question 8

homestead act requirements

Answer 8

1) must be 21 years or older + head of family
2) must be an american citizen / immigrant filing for citizenship
3) must build a 12x14 house and live in it for 6 months
4) farm the land for 5 years before official ownership

Question 9

old immigrants

Answer 9

chinese, italians, irish, & european jews

Question 10

exodusters

Answer 10

first generation of african americans post-civil war migrating west (50k)
- hoping for equity on the frontier
- led by benjamin ‘pap’ singleton
- from states along mississippi river to kansas

Question 11

“the indian problem”

Answer 11

term for settlers wondering what to do about native american land that they wanted to expand into

Question 12

natives before westward expansion

Answer 12

• lived in great plains (between mississippi river and rocky mountains)
• nomadic

Question 13

reservations

Answer 13

• restricted movement of nomads
• govt designated tribes as groups w no leadership & subsequently selected leaders who didn’t represent majority opinion
• many state govs & soldiers had no intention on respecting reservations

Question 14

reservations

Answer 14

• restricted movement of nomads
• govt designated tribes as groups w no leadership & subsequently selected leaders who didn’t represent majority opinion
• many state govs & soldiers had no intention on respecting reservations

Question 15

bureau of indian affairs

Answer 15

branch to send supplies & rations to reservations
- was overrun by corruption and often did not deliver

Question 16

differences in battle (natives vs us)

Answer 16

• both lacked coherent battle strategy
• natives were losing more to starvation and disease than americans
• many american soldiers didn’t even see battle while almost all native americans did

Question 17

sand creek massacre (1864)

Answer 17

• cheyenne

1) usfg led cheyenne to sand creek to camp & promised safety
2) john chivington, who hadn’t scored any significant military wins against the cheyenne attacked the cheyenne & arapaho there
3) black kettle (chief) waved white flags but the 700+ men killed 150-500 natives

(happens during civil war)

Question 18

sand creek massacre (1864)

Answer 18

• cheyenne

1) usfg led cheyenne to sand creek to camp & promised safety
2) john chivington, who hadn’t scored any significant military wins against the cheyenne attacked the cheyenne & arapaho there
3) black kettle (chief) waved white flags but the 700+ men killed 150-500 natives

(happens during civil war)

Question 19

battle of little bighorn (1876)

Answer 19

sioux of northern planes fought back

1) govt tried to build bozeman trail thru the bighorn mountains (sioux hunting grounds)
2) red cloud launched 2 yr to stop project
3) success - treaty of fort laramie resolved & sioux reservation 1/2 size of south dakota was created
4) contained black hills, which usfg & colonel custer took interest in when hearing there was gold
5) usfg offered to buy, many chiefs left reservations (never signed treaty of fort laramie)
6) custer went to round up native americans and met 2k+ warriors (largest gathering) who killed custer + 200 soldiers
7) us army came and brought sioux back to reservations
8) crazy horse killed, sitting bull escaped to canada but was forced to come back to reservation out of starvation

Question 20

treaty of fort laramie

Answer 20

1868 - made sioux reservation

Question 21

battle of wounded knee

Answer 21

1) treaty of fort laramie and general allotment act respectively cut sioux land from 60 to 13 mile acres
2) “ghost dance” started as a ritual for america to be destroyed and the native american lifestyle (+ land, people, animals lost) be returned
3) pine ridge agency felt threatened and called the us govt to move them
4) usfg moved them to wounded knee creek
5) when going there to enforce ban, a gun was shot and gunfire was opened — 300 lakota killed

Question 22

anti coolie act

Answer 22

tax on chinese products & such
- passed by california government
- 1962

Question 23

las vegas land

Answer 23

• new mexico and land under new mexico land grant act that gave land to mexican/spanish under treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

Question 24

las gorras blancas

Answer 24

white caps
- resisted against railroad track expansion through their land and cut down barbed wires placed by malicious americans ranchers trying to stave them out

Question 25

vaqueros

Answer 25

mexican cowboys

Question 26

herrera brothers

Answer 26

vigilantes / resistance group founders
- arrested in 1889 but released due to popular support

Question 27

land grant university

Answer 27

institution that received benefits of morrill acts 1862-1890
- teach agriculture, military tactics, mechanical arts, and mining
- there’s one in every state & 6 territories

Question 28

hatch act

Answer 28

1887
- mandated creation of agriculture experiment stations

Question 29

2nd morrill act passed

Answer 29

1890
- 7 black land grant colleges created

Question 30

smith lever act

Answer 30

1914
- land grants helped instituons offer instruction beyond on campus (extension services)
- REQUIRED STATES TO MATCH FUNDING

Question 31

equity in educational land grant status act

Answer 31

1994
- recognized certain tribal colleges and universities for the association

Question 32

for your perusal stats

Answer 32

61% of 1890 didn’t receive 100% of funds

all states met 1862, but even those going above and beyond 1862 matching requirements couldn’t reach 1890