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INF 309 > Written Old > Flashcards

Written Old Flashcards

1
Q

Enteric fever patients may give negative Widal test results.

A

False negative results;

Performance of the test during the first week of illness (before appearance of antibodies)

Early antibiotic treatment

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2
Q

Serologic diagnosis of HIV in neonates born to HIV-T positive mothers is not useful in diagnosis.

A

Newborns of infected mothers due to presence of passively acquired maternal lgG->(commercial tests for HIV-specific IgM are not yet available)->in such cases, other diagnostic methods should be applied

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3
Q

Endemic relapsing fever is considered a zoonotic disease whereas epidemic relapsing fever is not a zoonotic disease

A

Tick-borne (endemic) relapsing fever, which is caused by variety of Borrelia species

-> Rodents & small animals are the main reservoir from which they are transmitted to man (zoonotic disease).

Louse-borne (epidemic) relapsing fever, which is caused by B. recurrenitis

-> transmitted from man to man by human body louse (not zoonotic disease).

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4
Q

Disease(s) and associated disease(s) caused by Epstein-Barr virus.

A

Infectious mononucleosis
Burkitt’s lymphoma.
T-cell lymphoma

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5
Q

Mention the causative organism of each disease /clinical condition:

a. Herpangina
b. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
c. Lockjaw
d. inclusion conjunctivitis

A

a. coxsackieviruses A
b. Prions
c. Clostridium tetani
d. Chlamydia trachomatis

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6
Q

Rabies infection can be aborted by using post-exposure preventive measures

A

Rabies infection can be aborted by using preventive measures —-> long I.P. gives anti-rabies vaccines administered after bite sufficient time to induce protective immunity

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7
Q

Pathogenic Neisseria can survive inside macrophages

A

@ Anti-phagocytic factors:

Capsule -> prevents phagocytes from attachment to bacteria

© Cell wall proteins of Gram-positive cocci -> such as:

® M protein
@ Protein A
© Coagulase -> accelerates formation of fibrin clot from fibrinogen -> this clot can protect bacteria from phagocytosis

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8
Q

Salk polio vaccine has many advantages over the Sabin polio vaccine

A

Being killed, it has the following advantages
over Sabin vaccine

O Safe to be given in pregnancy & immunosuppressed individuals

© Does not require refrigeration

© Does not revert to wild type

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9
Q

Prevention of transmission of prion infections by the usual infection control procedures is ineffective

A

Prevention of transmission of prion infections by usual infection control procedures is ineffective -> due to extreme resistance of prions to heat, disinfectants & irradiation

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10
Q

Prophylactic immunization is the only effective way to control tetanus

A

because spores of C. tetani are so widely disseminated in nature and cannot be avoided

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11
Q

In post-exposure prophylaxis, human rabies immune globulin and rabies vaccine should be given at different sites.

A

to prevent neutralization of virus in vaccine by antibody in HRIG

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12
Q

Prions are transmitted by:

A

O Ingestion of diseased brain & other CNS tissues or eye balls

© Corneal transplant & use of brain electrodes

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13
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is transmitted to
humans by:

A

O Contact with domestic farm animals or
their faeces

© By milk or by contaminated vegetables

© Vertical transmission can also occur transplacentally or during delivery

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14
Q

Mention the causative organism, mode of transmission of the following

1) Actinomycosis
2) Malignant pustule
3) Acute gengivomatitis
4) Warts

A

1) Actinomycosis Israeli endogenous following local trauma

2) B. Anthracis; contact of infected animals

3) Acute gengivomatitis HSV 1: contact with saliva

4) Warts: HPV sexual contact

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15
Q

Measles infection give live long immunity

A

Measles virus has only 1 stable antigenic type

© There is stage of viraemia -> allowing circulating Abs (IgM and IgG) to neutralize virus

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16
Q

Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) after streptococcal infection

A

Deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in glomeruli

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17
Q

Lepromin test is of prognostic value

A

It is positive in tuberculoid & negative in lepromatous leprosy.

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18
Q

Mention the causative organism(s) & mode(s) of transmission of the following diseases:

1) Gas gangrene

3) Chicken pox

4) Tinea capitis

A

1) Cl. perfrenges; spores enter traumatized tissue

3) Varicella zoster virus; respiratory drop

4) Dermatophytes infection by direct contact

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19
Q

Staphylococcus aureus pyogenic infections are usually localized.

A

© Coaqulase: most important factor

The clumping factor -> attachment of organism to traumatized tissue & blood clot

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20
Q

Few acid-fast bacilli are present in the tissues in tuberculoid leprosy.

A

CMI response mediated by Th1 cells predominate & forms granulomas -> resulting in destruction of most of mycobacteria

-> So only few AFB remain in tissues

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21
Q

M protein is the most important virulence factor for Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Surface protein -> enables bacteria to colonize skin & to escape phagocytosis

divides S. pyogenes into about 80 M serotype

22
Q

Mention the causative organism(s) & mode(s) of transmission of the following diseases:

  1. Eumycotic mycetoma
  2. Benign skin warts
  3. German measles
A
  1. Madurella; mycetomatis
  2. Molluscum contagiosum virus,; sexual contact
  3. Rubella, droplets
23
Q

Erythema infectiosum caused by parvovirus B19 is associated with rash

A

is due to infection of endothelial cells as well as deposition of immune complexes

24
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis caused by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B particularly is associated with severe tissue destruction

A

Acts as protease contributes to pathogenesis of necrotizing faciitis

25
Q

Clostridial wound infections are usually polymicrobic.

A

Organism & its spores are found in soil & in human & animal faeces therefore, clostridial wound infections are usually polymicrobic

26
Q

Smallpox is the only disease that has been eradicated

A
  1. Global use of highly effective vaccine by WHO -> vaccine contains vaccinia virus which is naturally attenuated for man
  2. Smallpox virus has single, stable serotype
  3. There is no animal reservoir -> & humans are the only host
  4. Disease is easily recognized clinically
  5. There is no carrier state or subclinical infection
27
Q

Scarlet fever is associated with red rash and strawberry tongue

A

Erythrogenic toxin -> responsible for red rash characteristic of scarlet fever

28
Q

Definition of significant bacteriuria

A

Count of 105 organisms/ml

29
Q

Although Neisseria gonorrhoeae is frequently resistant to tetracyelines, this antibiotic or azithromycin should be given while treating gonorrhoe

A

because chlamydia is usually comes with gonorrhoeae

30
Q

Urinary tract infection caused by Proteus encourages the formation of stones

A

Urease hydrolyses urea in urine to form ammonia which raises pH encouraging formation of stones

31
Q

Sterile pyuria

A

Means absence of growth on ordinary culture media despite presence of pus cells in urine

32
Q

Mention TWO predisposing factors for urinary tract infection

A
  1. Short female urethra
  2. Sexual intercourse
33
Q

Why repeated gonococcai infections may occur despite antibody production

A

O High Ag variations of gonococcal pili

© Superficial nature of infection

© Production of IgA protease

34
Q

TWO causes of sterile pyuria.

A
  1. Recent antimicrobial chemotherapy
  2. Female genital tract infections
35
Q

TWO virulence factors of uropathogenic E. coli

A

Fimbrial adhesins -> bind to specific receptors on urinary tract epithelium

Capsular (K) antigens -> interfere with phagocytosis -» thereby enhancing organism’s ability to cause pyelonephritis

36
Q

Coxiella is not classified as Rickettsia. (2 reasons)

A

It is not transmitted to humans by arthropods

It is extremely resistant to heat, drying & sunlight, hence can persist outside the host for long period

37
Q

Some people show natural resistance to HIV infection

A

by binding to chemokine receptor on cell
surface

38
Q

Most infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae occur in children between the age of 6 months and 6 years. (2 reasons)

A

This is attributed to decline of maternal IgG
together with inability of child to generate antibodies against polysaccharide capsular (Tl) antigen

39
Q

A person can have repeated attacks of common cold during the same season. (2 reasons)

A

Superficial nature of infection

Unavailability

40
Q

Yersinia pestis is considered an agent of bioterrorism.

A

the organism may be delivered by aerosol to cause pneumonic plague by using infected fleas to cause bubonic plague

41
Q

Children older than 6 years of age should not receive the killed whole cell pertussis vaccine.

A

In a very small number of cases, severe or irreversible brain damage (encephalopathy)
may occur especially if given after 6 years of age.

42
Q

Three characteristics of atypical pneumonia

A

-Low-grade fever

  • Dry cough with scanty sputum
  • Failure to demonstrate the causative organism by Gram stain or its isolation on ordinary culture media
43
Q

TWO predisposing factors for Candida infection

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment
Immunosuppression

44
Q

TWO modes of transmission of Leptospira interrogans infection

A

Contact with contaminated water where
the organism enters through small skin abrasions

Consumption of contaminated food or drink

45
Q

Chloramphenicol may be added to Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) to grow fungi from clinical specimens

A

To become selective

46
Q

Helicobacter pylori can survive the gastric acidic pH

A

Urease cleaves urea producing “ammonium cloud”, which permits H. pylori to survive in an acidic environment

47
Q

Forest wood-cutters may be infected with yellow fever.

A

Primarily disease of monkeys

Disease is transmitted from monkey to monkey by mosquito in Africa.

48
Q

Mention ONE mode of transmission for the following microorganisms:

  1. Mumps virus
  2. Norwalk virus
A

Droplets

Faeco-oral

49
Q

Breastfeeding decrease diseases of rota virus

A

gives baby protective IgA

50
Q

Campylobacter enteritis cause guilian parret disease

A

it is attributed to antibodies against C. jejuni
that cross react with antigens on neurons

51
Q

H pylori is transmitted from person to person

A

There is clustering of infection within families

INF 309 (15 decks)

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