Writing, Speaking, Rhetoric

Question 1

Means suffering or experience and refers to appeals to the emotions.

Answer 1

Pathos

Question 2

Means character and connotes ideology. Writing that appeals to credibility, based on academic, professional, or personal merit

Answer 2

Ethos

Question 3

Means “I say” and refers to a plea, opinion, expectation, word or speech, account, opinion, or reason. Aristotle used it to mean persuasion that appeals to the audience through reasoning and logic to influence their opinions.

Answer 3

Logos

Question 4

concisely state common beliefs and may rhyme. For example, Benjamin Franklin’s “Early to bed and early to rise / Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise”

Answer 4

Aphorisms

Question 5

refer to literary or historical figures to impart symbolism to a thing or person and to create reader resonance. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, protagonist George’s last name is Milton. This alludes to John Milton, who wrote Paradise Lost, and symbolizes George’s eventual loss of his dream.

Answer 5

Allusions

Question 6

Reasoning that moves from general to specific

Answer 6

Deductive Reasoning

Question 7

Reasoning that moves from specific to general.

Answer 7

Inductive Reasoning

Question 8

author word choice that establishes tone and effect.

Answer 8

Diction

Question 9

uses parallel clauses, the second reversing the order of the first. Examples include T. S. Eliot’s “Has the Church failed mankind, or has mankind failed the Church?” and John F. Kennedy’s “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”

Answer 9

Chiasmus

Question 10

regularly repeats a word or phrase at the beginnings of consecutive clauses or phrases to add emphasis to an idea. A classic example of anaphora was Winston Churchill’s emphasis of determination: “[W]e shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender…”

Answer 10

Anaphora