Wrap up Chapter 9 Flashcards
Industry versus Inferiority
The fourth crisis of Erikson’s theory in which children are challenged to build their sense of themselves as capable and avoid feeling inadequate
Industry
The belief that children’s commitment to learning new skills helps them grow into successful adult
Openness
Imagination and curiosity about new experiences
Self-Concept
refers to how children perceive themselves in various domains
Controversial
Children who receive mixed ratings by their peers, strongly disliked by some and strongly liked by others
Five-Factor Model
The way researchers measure personality (both in child and adulthood)
Externalizing Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by difficult behaviors that affect others, such as acting out or severe aggression
Psychological Disorder
A pattern of feelings, thinking, or behaviors that causes distress and makes it difficult to function
Rejected
Children who are actively disliked by most of their class
Internalizing Disorders
Physiological disorders in which children’s emotions are focused inward, manifesting as overwhelming feelings of sadness (depression) or worry (anxiety)
Conscientiousness
How diligent or hardworking a child is
Personality
The individual differences that make us unique
Postconventional Stage
Kohlberg’s stage of moral reasoning n which people can think abstractly and about right and wrong as something that supersedes rules and laws
Neuroticism
Emotional stability
Agreeableness
How a child gets along with others
Extraversion
How outgoing someone is
Conventional Stage
Kohlberg’s stage of moral reasoning in which children think more abstractly about what is right and wrong
Perceived Popularity
Children who are dominant – may not be prosocial or kind, and may even be socially aggressive and use bullying, manipulation, or threats and exclusion to gain social power
Popular
Children who are liked or perceived to be socially successful by many of their peers
Homophily
Looking for friends who seem like me
Bias-Related Bullying
bullying children who seem different or who do not fit in
White Matter
the fast, long-range connections that create the connectome
Average
Children who fall around the middle of being liked and disliked, not quite making it into the other categories
Controversial
Children who receive mixed ratings by their peers, strongly disliked by some and strongly liked by others
Industriousness
The ability to be productive
Connectome
The network that links regions of the brain
White Matter
the fast, long-range connections that create the connectome
Concrete Operations
Children’s ability to perform logical operations/transformations, in their minds and apply them to concrete or real-life situations
information-Processing Perspective
looks at the components of thinking, including executive function, memory, and the ability to think about and use these new cognitive strategies
Gray Matter
the unmyelinated connections
During middle childhood, pruning continues in the cortex
Working Memory
The mental workplace that allows one to remember things in the short term
Resilience
The ability to recover from stressors and challenges (even traumatic/chronic ones)
Industry versus Inferiority
The fourth crisis of Erikson’s theory in which children are challenged to build their sense of themselves as capable and avoid feeling inadequate
