Wrap up Chapter 3 Flashcards
Genome
Complete set of genetic instructions
DNA
Chemical structure that makes up genes.
Epigenome
Controls which genes are active
Zygote
A fertilized egg cell with 46 chromosomes
Teratogens
Harmful environmental factors that affect fetal development
Premature
Born before 35 weeks of gestation
Low birthweight (LBW)
Weighing less than 5 pounds 8 ounces at birth
Chromosomes
Thread-like structures made of DNA that contain the genetic information; humans have 46 chromosomes in total
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The molecule that carries genetic information, forming the basis for heredity in all living organisms
Mitosis
The process of cell division where a single cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
Genes
Segments of DNA that code for proteins, determining traits and functioning of the body.
Alleles
Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific location on a chromosome.
Phenotype
The observable traits or characteristics of an organism, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism, consisting of the alleles inherited from both parents
Epigenome
Chemical modifications to DNA and histone proteins that affect gene expression without changing the underlying genetic code
Ovum
A female reproductive cell (egg) that, when fertilized by a sperm, forms a zygote
Sperm
A male reproductive cell that, when it fertilizes an ovum, creates a zygote
Meiosis
The process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and ovum) with half the number of chromosomes, necessary for sexual reproduction
Zygote
The fertilized egg formed when a sperm cell fuses with an ovum, containing a full set of chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine an individual’s biological sex; males typically have XY and females have XX
Sex
The biological classification of an individual as male or female, based on reproductive anatomy and genetics
Gender
The social, cultural, and psychological attributes associated with being male or female, often shaped by societal expectations.
Gender Identity
A person’s internal sense of their own gender, which may or may not align with their biological sex
Gender Expression
The external display of a person’s gender, through behaviors, clothing, hairstyle, and mannerisms.
Recessive Inheritance Pattern
A genetic pattern where a trait is expressed only if an individual inherits two copies of a recessive allele, one from each parent
Down Syndrome
A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome, leading to developmental and intellectual disabilities
Dominant Inheritance Pattern
A genetic pattern where a trait is expressed if an individual inherits at least one dominant allele
Multifactorial
Traits influenced by multiple genetic factors and environmental influences
Polygenic
Referring to traits that are influenced by multiple genes, often with continuous variation
Dizygotic
Fraternal twins that result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two separate sperm, sharing about 50% of their genetic material
Monozygotic
Identical twins that result from the splitting of a single fertilized egg, sharing 100% of their genetic material.
Germinal Stage
The first stage of prenatal development, beginning with fertilization and lasting for about two weeks, during which the zygote divides and implants in the uterus
Embryonic Stage
The second stage of prenatal development (weeks 3-8) when major organ systems and structures develop
Fetal Stage
The final stage of prenatal development (week 9 to birth), when the fetus grows larger, and organs become fully functional
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
A medical procedure where an egg and sperm are combined outside the body to create an embryo, which is then implanted into the uterus
Blastocyst
A stage of early embryonic development, about 5 days post-fertilization, consisting of a hollow ball of cells, which implants into the uterine wall
Placenta
An organ that develops during pregnancy, providing oxygen and nutrients to the fetus while removing waste products
Neurons
Nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body
Teratogens
Environmental agents, such as drugs, alcohol, or infections, that can cause birth defects when exposed during pregnancy
Birth Defects
Abnormalities in structure or function that are present at birth, caused by genetic factors or environmental influences
Stress
A physical or emotional response to environmental demands, which can impact development, particularly during pregnancy
Cesarean Section
A surgical procedure to deliver a baby through an incision in the mother’s abdomen and uterus
Kangaroo Care
A practice of holding a newborn, usually premature, against the skin to promote bonding, warmth, and improved health outcomes
Reflexes
Inborn, automatic responses to stimuli. Rooting Reflex, Moro Reflex, Palmar Grasp, Plantar Grasp, and Babinski Reflex
Adoption
The legal process by which a person or couple becomes the legal parents of a child who is not their biological offspring
Germinal Stage
The first stage of prenatal development, lasting about one week, during which the zygote divides and implants into the uterus
Apgar Test
A quick assessment performed on newborns shortly after birth, evaluating heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes
Risk Factors in Childbirth
poor maternal health or trauma during birth that can increase the risks of complications for both the mother and baby.
Gene Expression
The process by which the information in a gene is used to create proteins that affect an organism’s traits. It is regulated by maturation, aging, and environmental triggers
Human Genome
The complete set of genetic instructions found in 46 chromosomes, made up of DNA, which are necessary to create and maintain the human body
