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biology 171 exam 1 > Wow slide 6 > Flashcards

Wow slide 6 Flashcards

1
Q

1 micrometer (micron)

A

1/1000 of a mm

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2
Q

1 nanometer

A

1/1000 of a micron

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3
Q

Light microscopes

A

can magnify effectively to

about 1,000 times the size of the actual specimen

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4
Q

Most subcellular structures are too small to be

resolved by a light microscope.

A

Various techniques in light microscopy can

increase visibility of structures

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5
Q

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

A

focus a beam
of electrons onto the surface of a specimen and collect
emitted electrons to provide images that look 3-D

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6
Q

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

A

focus a
beam of electrons on a specimen and collect electrons
that pass through the specimen.

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7
Q

TEMs are used mainly to study

A

the internal structure of
cells and can magnify up to 1 million times the size of the
actual specimen.

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8
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells.

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9
Q

Basic features of all cells*

A

– Semiautonomous, reproduce
– Carry a genetic program in the form of DNA
– Enclosed by a plasma membrane
– Semifluid internal substance called cytoplasm
– Contain ribosomes (make proteins)

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10
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Simple, prokaryotic bacteria
cells have existed for at
least 3.5 billion years.

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11
Q

Cellular processes occur
diffusely within the
prokaryotic cell.

A

Genetic material is in the
form of a single large,
naked DNA molecule.

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells appear

A

in the fossil record 1.5 billion years
after the first bacteria and are the cells that comprise all
living organisms besides bacteria.

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13
Q

Eukaryotic cells have a distinct, membrane bound nucleus

A

containing the cell’s genetic material.

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells have separate organelles

A

specialized

structures that perform specific functions.

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15
Q

Robert Hooke (1653 - 1703) was the first to
observe and describe cells in
plant tissues

A

He published the bestseller
“Micrographia” of images he
observed with his microscope

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16
Q

A high surface-to-volume ratio
facilitates exchange of materials with
the surrounding environment.

A

Dividing a volume into smaller cells

increases the total surface area

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17
Q

The plasma membrane is

A

a selective barrier comprised primarily of a

phospholipid bilayer that encloses the interior of the cell, the cytoplasm

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18
Q

plasma membrane

A

It maintains the differences between internal and external environments

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19
Q

Plant and bacteria
cells also have a
cell wall

A 
in
addition to their
cell membrane
that protects and
supports the cell
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20
Q

The nucleus of a cell

A

contains the cell’s genetic
material. Every cell has a
copy of the organism’s
“blueprint”

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21
Q

Pores in the membrane of the

nucleus

A

allow molecules to
move between the nucleus
and the cytoplasm

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22
Q

Within the nucleus the
nucleolus is the site where
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is
synthesized.

A

The rRNA exits the nucleus
and assembles into
ribosomes in cytoplasm

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23
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A 
is an extensive folded surface
continuous with the plasma
membrane within which proteins,
lipids (fats, steroids), and
phospholipids are produced
24
Q

Ribosomes

A 
are the
structures that read the
instructions in the genetic
“blueprint” and assemble
proteins.
25
Q

Ribosomes can occur

A

freely within the cytoplasm
or attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

The Golgi apparatus is a

A 
complex of membrane
vesicles that function in
storage, processing, and
packaging of proteins
produced by the rough
endoplasmic reticulum
27
Q

Lysosomes

A

are vesicles that
contain hydrolytic enzymes
used to break down various
macromolecules in the cell

28
Q

The endomembrane

system*

A 
is comprised of
the nuclear envelope, the
endoplasmic reticulum,
the Golgi apparatus,
vesicles and the plasma
membrane.
29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

is the formation of a food vacuole

which is merged with a lysosome for digestion.

30
Q

Autophagy

A

is the destruction of cellular components by

collecting them in a vacuole that merges with a lysosome.

31
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Possess a membrane system dividing the chloroplast into three
compartments (intermembrane space, stroma, thylakoid)
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll that absorbs solar
energy for use in synthesizing sugars
Are self-replicating and contain their own genetic material
independent of the cell as a whole

32
Q

Mitochondria

A

are the “powerhouses” of the cell. Chemical
reactions occurring on the surface of an inner membrane
produce energy carrying molecules (ATP).

33
Q

Mitochondria are self-replicating

A

and have their own

genetic material independent of that of the cell as a whole

34
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

is one organism living inside another.

35
Q

The endosymbiotic theory

A

of the origin of eukaryotes
states that some organelles such as mitochondria are
derived from once free-living bacteria that colonized the
cytoplasm of other single-celled organisms either through
ingestion or parasitism

36
Q

Mitochondria (and chloroplasts in plant cells) have their

own

A

genomes with DNA sequences closer to those of
bacteria than to those in the nuclear DNA of the cells in
which they occur

37
Q

Mitochondria (and chloroplasts in plant cells) have their

own

A

genomes with DNA sequences closer to those of
bacteria than to those in the nuclear DNA of the cells in
which they occur

38
Q

cytosol

A

The jellylike substance in which the organelles of the

cytoplasm are suspended is called

39
Q

A fibrous network called the cytoskeleton

A

spans the cytosol

to support the membranes and organelles of the cell.

40
Q

Cytoskeleton includes

A

actin, intermediate filaments, and

microtubules.

41
Q

Actin

A

is arranged to bear pulling forces (tension).
In muscle cells, actin is pulled upon by filaments
comprised of the motor protein myosin

42
Q

Amoeboid movement

A

of the cell is achieved by
the action of actin microfilaments that extend a
pseudopodium outward from the surface of the cell.

43
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

moves the mass of the cell

in the direction of the pseudopodium.

44
Q

The motor protein dynein

A

moves organelles and other
materials within the cell by
“walking” along microtubules.

45
Q

Arrangements of
microtubules are
responsible

A 
for the
beating of flagella
and cilia, external
appendages used
for locomotion
46
Q

Flagella and cilia

A

contain dynein that acts against the

microtubule structure to produce movement.

47
Q

Microvilli

A

are fingerlike
projections of the plasma
membrane supported by
bundles of actin.

48
Q

Microvilli increase

A

the area
of absorptive and digestive
surfaces.

49
Q

Tight junctions

A 
proteins
across membranes bind cells
closely together preventing
molecules from passing
between (e.g. intestinal cells)
50
Q

Desmosomes

A 
“spot welds”
between cells formed from
proteins and bundles of
intermediate filaments that
increase the strength of
tissues (e.g. skin cells)
51
Q

Gap junctions

A 
– tiny canals
between cells through which
cytoplasm and small
molecules can pass (e.g. in
nerve and muscle cells)
52
Q

cell junctions

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

53
Q

Animal cells are surrounded by a complex extracellular matrix

A

comprised of glycoproteins (proteins bonded to carbohydrates)
including collagen.

54
Q

Functions in:

A
  • Support
  • Adhesion
  • Movement
  • Regulation
55
Q

The cell wall of plants

A 
is
an extracellular structure
that protects and supports
the cell and helps maintain
water balance.
56
Q

plasmodesmata

A

The nonliving cell walls of plants are perforated with channels
called plasmodesmata that connect the cytoplasm of cells

biology 171 exam 1 (10 decks)

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