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Physiology > Wound Healing > Flashcards

Wound Healing Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 stages of wound healing

A

Haemostasis
Inflammation
Proliferation
Remodelling

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2
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

Pain
Swelling
Heat
Loss of function

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3
Q

List 2 phases of acute inflammation

A

Vascular
Cellular

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4
Q

Function of vascular acute inflammation

A

Prevent further injury, dilutes toxins & bacteria

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5
Q

Approximate time scale for vascular acute inflammation

A

Almost immediate - 3/5 days

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6
Q

what causes mast cells to burst

A

damaged tissue

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7
Q

what causes vasodilation in wound healing

A

histamine

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8
Q

when mast cells burst what do they release

A

histamine, serotonin

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9
Q

what causes stimulation of pain receptors

A

pressure from swelling

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10
Q

What 2 functions does platelets, histamines and serotonin have in wound healing

A

Causes vasodilation (heat/redness)
Increased vascular permeability (swelling/pain)

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11
Q

how does proteins and plasma move into intracellular spaces

A

osmosis

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12
Q

what sensitises pain receptors

A

bradykinin and prostaglandins

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13
Q

what does vasodilation do

A

increase blood flow

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14
Q

what happens when endothelial cells lose their tight junctions

A

blood vessels become leaky - increased permeability

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15
Q

when does the area become hypotoxic

A

when blood supply has been lost in the injury

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16
Q

what does histamine stimulate

A

endothelial cells to lose their tight junctions

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17
Q

After 12 - 24 hours which phase starts

A

Cellular

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18
Q

Functions of cellular acute inflammation

A

Removes bacteria, cleans up tissue and prepares for wound repair

19
Q

Identify the cells involved in cellular inflammation

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages

20
Q

explain the role of macrophages at end of inflammation

A

they release proinflammatory cytokines or anti inflammatory cytokines and growth factors that progress the wound

21
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

New blood vessel growth

22
Q

What is the function of neutrophils in wound healing

A

Phagocyte - Bacterial destruction and clean up

23
Q

What is the function of macrophages in wound healing

A

Phagocyte - bacterial clean up, damaged tissue removal and dead neutrophils, release growth factors

24
Q

How do neutrophils die

A

Apoptosis

25
Q

What is apoptosis

A

When neutrophils fill their self up with bacteria

26
Q

What is a monocyte

A

Immature macrophages

27
Q

What are the 5 stages of how cells travel from the blood to the site of injury (cellular phase)

A

Margination
Rolling / pavementing
Adhesion
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis

28
Q

Explain margination

A

As blood flow becomes congested, phagocytes drop the margins

29
Q

explain rolling / pavementing

A

weak attraction and rolling along the endothelial cells

30
Q

explain adhesion

A

phagocytes attaches strongly to special attachment proteins

31
Q

explain diapedesis

A

phagocyte squeezes through leaky membrane into intracellular spaces

32
Q

explain chemotaxis

A

cells move to area of damage following cytokine concentration gradient, cell debris

33
Q

describe what happens to epithelial cells in early proliferation

A

loss of contact stimulates epithelial cells to replicate
macrophages release growth factors
epithelial cells replicate

34
Q

how do epithelial cells replicate

A

leap frog over each other
process repeats until they meet in the middle

35
Q

describe the role of fibroblasts in early proliferation

A

fibroblasts migrate into the wound
they make ground substance and type 3 collagen

36
Q

what characteristic does type 3 collagen have compared to type 1

A

it is much weaker
less organised
easily broken

37
Q

explain how blood vessels grow into the wound during early proliferation

A

fibroblasts and epithelial tissue quickly use up local oxygen levels
m2 macrophages release growth factors
this stimulates endothelial cells of blood vessels to replicate

38
Q

which direction does endothelial cells grow

A

towards hypotoxic areas

39
Q

which tissue is present at the end of proliferation

A

granulation

40
Q

list the components of granulation tissue

A

fibroblasts
ground substance (proteoglycans)
type 3 collagen
macrophages
new blood vessels
new epithelial tissue

41
Q

when does a fibroblast make smooth muscle actin (myofibroblasts)

A

when physical stress on the new tissue stimulates the fibroblast

42
Q

what causes reduction in wound size

A

myofibroblasts attached to collagen bundles and which contracts to pull inwards

43
Q

what happens at the end of proliferation

A

epithelial cells have recovered the site
invading blood vessels are now organised
fibroblasts have filled the wound with type 3 collagen and ground substance

Physiology (13 decks)

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