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Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is paracrine cellular communication

A

Hormones released by one cell that stimulate only local cell populations

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2
Q

What is humoral control

A

Control of hormones by circulation ions or nutrients

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3
Q

What does thyroid hormone (T4) do

A

Increase metabolic rate in all cells through gene regulation

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4
Q

Thyroid hormone is released by the

A

Thyroid gland

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5
Q

How would the body respond to low calcium

A

Increased parathyroid release which increases the breakdown of bone

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6
Q

Which hormones are made in the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone and cortisol

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7
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Increases the reuptake of sodium in the kidneyt

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8
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary gland

A

Through the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

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9
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

It is a stimulating hormone produced by the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

The brain

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11
Q

Describe 2 ways a hormone can alter the function of a target cell

A

1) bind to a receptor on the outside of the cell (G-protein coupled) that implements a sequence of reactions inside the cell that dictates a certain action/function

2)enter the cell and instigate a change in a receptor in the nucleons causing a shift in the proteins being created by the cell

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12
Q

How does the endocrine act

A

Systematically

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13
Q

How are hormones activated

A

Humoral control
Response to stress and anxiety

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14
Q

What is beneficial about the distribution of hormones

A

1 - can travel large distances in a short amount of time

2 - the hormones are potent so only a small amount is needed

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15
Q

Describe how hormones bind on the outside of the cell

A

Attaches to active site of receptor
Triggers release of G protein
Activates adenlyl cyclise
Adenlyl cyclise converts ATP to cyclic AMP
AMP activate PKA (protein kinase A)
PKA can phosphorylase a protein
Causing a mechanism within the cell the change

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16
Q

Describe how hormones causes a shift in the proteins in the cell (steroid hormones)

A

Steroid passes into the cytoplasm of the cell
It binds to a receptor
Enters the nucleus of the cell in its activated form
Initiates a change in the transcription of new proteins from the DNA specific hormone response elements
MRNA will exit the nucleus and travel to the ribosome for translation
A new protein will be synthesized that can alter a cell function

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17
Q

Which hormone is lipid soluble

A

Steroid

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18
Q

What does lipid soluble mean

A

Can pass into the cytoplasm of the cell

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19
Q

When does the nervous system interplay with the endocrine system

A

When nervous signals stimulate hormone secretion

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20
Q

What does neuroendocrine mean

A

Nervous system interplays with the endocrine system

21
Q

Where does neroendocrine happen

A

Hypothalamus

22
Q

What can the pituitary gland stimulate

A

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)
Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid (HPT)
Hypothalamic pituitary gonodal (HPG)
Hypothalamic pituitry prolactin (HPP)

23
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland contains its own secretory cells

A

Anterior

24
Q

When does the anterior pituitary secrete their own hormones

A

When the hypothalamus sends hormones through the hypothalamic - hypophyseal portal system

25
Q

What type of hormone is the one from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland

A

Releasing hormone

26
Q

What does the releasing hormone from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland do

A

Signals the anterior pituitary gland to start producing hormones

27
Q

When does the releasing hormone from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland change to a stimulating hormone

A

When the releasing hormone enters the systematic circulation as it travels to the site of action

28
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland

A

To store hormones produces by the hypothalamus ready for the release into circulation when the signal arrives

29
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)

30
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce

A

Oxytocin
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

31
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Initiates muscular contraction of the uterus and stimulates milk production during lactation
Increases testosterone in the testes

32
Q

What does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) do

A

Reduces water lose from the body to maintain plasma volume by promotion water re-uptake from the collecting ducts in the kidneys

33
Q

What does the growth hormone do

A

Promotes cell division and proliferation
Stimulate break of fats for energy
Stimulates synthesis of glycogen
Promotes bone and cartilage growth
Stimulates uptake of amine acids and protein synthesis

34
Q

When is ACTH released

A

After corticotropin has been secreted from the hypothalamus

35
Q

What does ACTH do

A

Causes cortisol to be released from adrenal cortex
Which causes aldosterone to be released from adrenal cortex
This then binds directly to melanocytes of the skin

36
Q

What is the function of melanocytes

A

To alter the production of melanin

37
Q

What does melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) do

A

Regulates the function of skin pigment cells

38
Q

What does the follicle stimulating hormone do

A

Initiates follicle growth in ovaries and oestrogen levels
Stimulates germinal epithelium growth in testes

39
Q

What does the luteinizing hormone do

A

Causes oestrogen and testes to be secrted

40
Q

What does prolactin do

A

Stimlulates lactation and inhibits FSH and gonadotropin releasing hormone

41
Q

What two hormones does the thyroid glands produce

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

42
Q

What are 3 possible diseases of the thyroid

A

Graves, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

43
Q

What effect does Graves’ disease have

A

Your immune system attacks your thyroid and it becomes over active

44
Q

What effect does hyperthyroidism have

A

Thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone leading to weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating and nervousness

45
Q

what is the target organ of TSH

A

thyroid gland

46
Q

what is the target organ of ACTH

A

Adrenal gland

47
Q

what is the target organ of growth hormones

A

whole body tissues and bone

48
Q

what is the function of releasing/tropic hormones

A

trigger release the

Physiology (13 decks)

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