World Order: Defintitions

Question 1

World order

Answer 1

defined as the activities and relations between nations and significant non-state praties that take place under a legal and economic framework.

Question 2

Need for world order

Answer 2

anarchy - global destruction (unrestricted nuclear weapons)

• couldn’t address world issues -
• globalisation and economic development halted
• need it even more as population increases and nations more independent or each other for resources.
• Ever increasing need to achieve a stable WO so countries can continue to better their economies and outcomes for ppl and aren’t implicated by conflict.

Question 3

WO is an evolving concept because?

Answer 3

WO is currently changing as new conflicts emerges and new actions are taken to address them. Also new values and morals emerge

Question 4

Treaty of Westphalia

Answer 4

1648 (notion of SS emerged + need for multilateral approach to end conflict)

Question 5

Concert of Europe following the Napoleonic wars

Answer 5

1815 borders couldn’t be changed w/o membership consultation. Increased coop btw European states helping to prevent future conflict.

Question 6

Following horrors of WWI, nations recognised need to have international body that could encourage nations to dissolve disputes peacefully. This was reflected in the

Answer 6

Treaty of Versailles to end WWI, establishing the League of Nations in 1919, promoting peace and international security

Question 7

League of nations a failure bc

Answer 7

didn’t prevent outbreak of WWII, through its flawed and overly punitive Treaty of Versailles with Germany (1919) and lacked necessary legal framework and political will from nation states.

Question 8

Atlantic Charter

Answer 8

1941 by Roosevelt and Churchill (states couldn’t seek new territory after WWII and should cooperate to attain better conditions for their people and economic advancemcent as well as reaffirming that conflict is last resort for dispute resolution. Recognised need to internatonal association of nation states to be developed.

Question 9

UN Charter 1945

Answer 9

most significant advances in achieving a stable WO

Article 1.1 to promote global peace and security.

Question 10

Since UN est. following UN Charter 1945, it has enabled creation of many

Answer 10

internatonal documents that further promote a stable and peaceful WO, eg Geneva Conventions of 1949.

Question 11

What established the rules of war?

Answer 11

Geneva Conventions of 1949.

Question 12

What were the subsequent protocols of the Geneva Conventions 1949?

Answer 12

the 1977 Additional Protocols outlined the humane treatment of those involved in conflict.

Question 13

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Answer 13

1968 prohibited states from manufacturing or aquiring nuclear weapons, promoting nuclear disarmament was a massive advancement in the plight for WO.

Question 14

Outline evolving nature of WO.

Answer 14

due to responding to new conflicts. Current WO significantly shaped bc of its evolving nature.
Expansionism of nations has remained a significant part of WO, esp European expansionism in 17th century where many colonies were established, resulting in many intrastate conflicts and killing of many Indigenous peoples.

Question 15

Terrorism

Answer 15

actions intended to cause death/injury with intent of persuading a governemtn to do/not do something

Question 16

INTERSTATE: Country/Nation Combat Conflict Together

Answer 16

Conventional
Nuclear
Cyber
Cold war 
Terrorism

Question 17

cold war

Answer 17

state of uneasy peace btw nations

Question 18

INTRASTATE (WITHIN):

Within The Country Conflict

Answer 18

Wars waged by governments against its ppl (genocide, mass killings)
Terrorism
Communal Violence
Civil war

Question 19

For more traditional warfare, implications for achieving world order some respects less sever bc

Answer 19

exists large body of international law to govern behaviours of nation states in these conflcits.
–>Geneva Conventions 1949 +1977 Additional Protocol

Question 20

Despite IHL to protect HR of all incl those in conflict, due to principle of SS

Answer 20

there’s little international law to govern civil conflcits

Question 21

Civil warfare is the

Answer 21

largest source of conflict today resulting in many refugees which can increase the strain on WO. A lack of sufficient/effective law to deal with this conflict remains a significant inhibitor to plight for WO.
GC 1949 and 1997 AP were designed for conventional warfare and are thus illequipped to govern civil conflicts.

Question 22

Limited Test Ban Treaty

Answer 22

1963

Question 23

1963

Answer 23

Limited Test Ban Treaty (btw US and USSR)

Question 24

Close governance of nuclear weapons states by the

Answer 24

UN has also been effective in controlling the implications of nuclear warfare

Question 25

Cyberwarfare has become a prominent form

Answer 25

of warfare in recent years. Bc it can occur outside of target countries and be committed quite anonymously, it remains difficutl to mitigate the threats it poses to WO.

Question 26

A lack of significant domestic and international responses was highlighted by

Answer 26

the 4 Corners episode Cyber War 2016, conveying vulnerabitliy of important infrastructure systems as well as confidentionaal data to hacking.

Question 27

Cyber warfare also has the potentional to make vulnerable the political processes of nations through manipulation as demonstrated in article

Answer 27

“Russian agents hacked US voting system manufacturer before US election – report “ The Guardian 2017

Question 28

One of most current and prominent thrats to WO is

Answer 28

terrorism, After September 11 2001 bombings in US it became evident even major super powers are vulnerable to this conflict.

Question 29

terrorism by definition involves the use of force to

Answer 29

cause detah/injury by small extremist groups. It consequently remains extremely challenging for more traditional, non violent methods of resolving disptues to be utitlised.

Question 30

Issue with combating terrorist groups

Answer 30

they do not abide by IHL nor are they recognised as sovereign states, making it extremely dificlt to mitigate it as a threat to WO. q

Question 31

The reatment of terrorists poses humanitarian challenges,

Answer 31

as some nations (US) dispute that the Geneva Conventions and other bodies of law apply to these situations.