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Honors World History B > World History Since 1945 > Flashcards

World History Since 1945 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anti-colonialist Definition

A

a movement against colonization

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2
Q

Cold War Definition

A

a war of ideologies between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies

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3
Q

Colonial Rule Definition

A

when a powerful nation exerts control over less-powerful countries

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4
Q

Demilitarized Zone Definition

A

an area in which military powers or contending groups forbid military installations or activities

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5
Q

French Indochina Definition

A

a territory in Southeast Asia that consisted of modern-day Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam

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6
Q

Proxy Conflicts Definition

A

conflicts that took place during the Cold War between the United States and a party other than the Soviet Union, often as a stand-in for the conflict between the U.S. and Soviet Union; in these conflicts, the ideals underlying the U.S.-Soviet conflict were usually at stake, such as capitalism/democracy versus communism

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7
Q

Second Indochina War Definition

A

a war in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia that lasted from 1955 to 1975; also known as the Vietnam War

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8
Q

Vietnam War Definition

A

a war in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia that lasted from 1955 to 1975; also known as the Second Indochina War

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9
Q

Decolonization Definition

A

the action or process of a state withdrawing from a former colony, leaving it independent

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10
Q

Mass Migrations Definition

A

the large-scale movement of people from one country, region, or place of residence to another. It can be one-way or temporary, forced or voluntary

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11
Q

Partition of India Definition

A

the division of the British colony of India into two nations—India and Pakistan—in 1947

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12
Q

Superpower Definition

A

a state with a dominant position and power on a global scale

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13
Q

Acquit Definition

A

to find someone not guilty of a crime

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14
Q

Crimes Against Humanity Definition

A

certain crimes, such as genocide, that are committed as institutional policy and directed toward civilians

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15
Q

Geneva Conventions Definition

A

protocols that outline international legal standards for humanitarian treatment in times of war; amended in 1949 after the atrocities of World War II

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16
Q

International Military Tribunal Definition

A

the court that ran the Nuremberg trials

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17
Q

Nuremberg Trials Definition

A

the first international war crimes trials intended to prosecute high-ranking Nazi officials for war crimes

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18
Q

Roma Definition

A

a traditionally nomadic ethnic group with global spread and a large presence in Europe; also known as “Gypsies,” although this term is considered insulting by the Roma people

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19
Q

Tribunal Definition

A

a court

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20
Q

Atomic Bomb Definition

A

a nuclear weapon first developed by Americans during World War II; atomic bombs have only been used twice in history and both were dropped by the Americans onto the Japanese cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima in August 1945

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21
Q

Cuban Missle Crisis Definition

A

a stand-off between the United States and the Soviet Union in October 1962, which was the result of tensions over Cuba and the Soviet Union’s efforts to put nuclear weapons on the island of Cuba

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22
Q

Détente Definition

A

a relaxation of tensions between countries

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23
Q

Manhattan Project Definition

A

the American research project in the 1940s, with British and Canadian help, that developed the first nuclear weapons

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24
Q

Mutually Assured Destruction Definition

A

the theory of mutual warfare that proposed that as soon as one country used a nuclear weapon, the other would do so as well. Therefore, it was in each country’s own interest to not use nuclear weapons.

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25
Q

Cosmonaut Definition

A

a Soviet or Russian astronaut

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26
Q

International Space Station (ISS) Definition

A

a space station in orbit around the earth, run through cooperation between five different space agencies

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27
Q

Space Race Definition

A

the race between the U.S. and the USSR during the Cold War to reach achievements in outer space first

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28
Q

Deterrence Definition

A

a military strategy when one power uses the threat of a reprising attack to rule out an attack from an adversary power in the first place; usually used in the context of the threat of a nuclear attack

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29
Q

Korean War Definition

A

a war fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953

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30
Q

Marshall Plan Definition

A

an aid program to rebuild Western Europe

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31
Q

Sphere of Influence Definition

A

an area over which a country or government has influence yet no formal authority

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32
Q

Viet Cong Definition

A

a South Vietnam supporter of the North Vietnam communists

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33
Q

Counterculture Movement Definition

A

a movement beginning in the 1960s that attracted youths who were against war, racial discrimination, and sexism

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34
Q

Second Wave Feminism Definition

A

a women’s rights movement that emphasized equal pay for women, access to contraception, and legal and economic equality

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35
Q

McCarthyism Definition

A

the Cold War practice of accusing people of disloyalty to the government and unfairly investigating them; named for U.S. Senator Joe McCarthy

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36
Q

Red Scare Definition

A

the fear of communism in the United States during the Cold War that led to the surveillance of any citizen suspected of being a communist

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37
Q

Russian Revolutions Definition

A

the period from about 1917 to 1922 when Russia was in turmoil; during 1917, three separate revolutions occurred: the abdication and murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family; the overthrow of the Duma provisional government; and the Bolshevik’s overthrow of the most recent government, after which the nation descended into civil war

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38
Q

Sedition Act of 1918 Definition

A

a law that allowed the U.S. government to monitor those whose beliefs were considered communist or a “threat” to national security

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39
Q

Wiretap Definition

A

a device used by law enforcement such as the FBI to secretly monitor telephone conversations

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40
Q

Containment Policy Definition

A

the United States policy during the Cold War of preventing the spread of communism

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41
Q

Hippies Definition

A

the young members of the 1960s counterculture movement who rejected mainstream culture

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42
Q

Truman Doctrine Definition

A

a U.S. policy established by President Truman in 1947 that was intended to stop the spread of communism by providing aid to countries where communism was on the rise

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43
Q

Bosniak Definition

A

an individual who is Muslim and from Bosnia, part of the former Yugoslavia

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44
Q

Croat Definition

A

an individual from Croatia, part of the former Yugoslavia

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45
Q

Ethnic Cleansing Definition

A

the forced removal of a group of people from an area based on their race, religion, or ethnicity

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46
Q

Irish Republican Army Definition

A

a group in Northern Ireland fighting to leave the United Kingdom during the Troubles

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47
Q

Mass Atrocity Definition

A

an action that results in the death of civilians on a large scale

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48
Q

Serb Definition

A

an individual from Serbia, part of the former Yugoslavia

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49
Q

Slovene Definition

A

an individual from Slovenia, part of the former Yugoslavia

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50
Q

Srebrenica Massacre Definition

A

an event in the summer of 1995 in which Bosnian Serbs systematically murdered more than 7,000 Bosniaks and removed another 20,000 civilians from the region

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51
Q

The Troubles Definition

A

a period in the late 1960s to 1998 in which different groups fought in Northern Ireland over whether or not to leave the United Kingdom

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52
Q

Yugoslav Definition

A

an individual from Yugoslavia

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53
Q

Atlantic Charter Definition

A

a joint statement released by Great Britain and the United States in 1941 outlining their goals in fighting World War II, including the preservation of self-determination for oppressed people

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54
Q

Fifth Pan-African Congress Definition

A

a conference held in Manchester, England, in 1945 to discuss how the end of World War II could mean freedom for everyone of Black African descent

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55
Q

First Pan-African Congress Definition

A

a conference held in London in 1919 to bring leaders of Black African descent together to discuss liberation and put an end to racism and colonialization

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56
Q

Pan-Africanism Definition

A

the belief that everyone of African descent should be politically unified

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57
Q

Pan-Arabism Definition

A

a philosophy that promotes the cooperation between and unity of all Arab states

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58
Q

The Arab League Definition

A

a political union of Arab-speaking member states formed in 1945

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59
Q

United Arab Republic Definition

A

a sovereign state formed in 1958 that combined Egypt and Syria

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60
Q

Zakat Definition

A

the traditional Islamic practice of giving a certain percentage of your income to charity

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61
Q

Authoritarian Definition

A

a government that controls virtually everything about a country other than possibly a social organization such as a religion; it is not limited by a constitution, the rule of law, or elections, and typically it would be run by one or a few individuals

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62
Q

Fragmentation Definition

A

the ethnic, religious, and cultural divisions within a state

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63
Q

Gridlock Definition

A

a lack of progress in political talks

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64
Q

Infrastructure Definition

A

the basic systems, such as road and building construction, that are necessary for a society to function effectively

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65
Q

Plurality Definition

A

the most votes; a term used in reference to democratic voting in a parliament system

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66
Q

Secessionist Movement Definition

A

a group of people who claim their land is independent from a larger territory

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67
Q

Single-Product Economy Definition

A

a state economic system that relies on just one export for the majority of its income

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68
Q

Coup d’état Definition

A

a violent takeover of the government

69
Q

Mandate Definition

A

an administrative system that gave the Allied powers, particularly France and Great Britain, control over former German and Ottoman territories after World War I

70
Q

Protectorate Definition

A

a country that is controlled by, but not governed by, another country

71
Q

Zionism Definition

A

the movement to establish a Jewish homeland

72
Q

Apartheid Definition

A

a system of political and social segregation based on race

73
Q

Insurgency Definition

A

a prolonged rebellion or revolt

74
Q

Liberation Movement Definition

A

an organized effort to free a nation

75
Q

Paramilitary Group Definition

A

a group not associated with a country’s military that operates in a similar manner, using military strategies and structures to achieve its goals

76
Q

Jainism Definition

A

an ancient Indian religion that focuses on nonviolence, non-absolutism, and nonattachment

77
Q

Satyagraha Definition

A

the term used to describe Gandhi’s policy of nonviolent resistance

78
Q

Sedition Definition

A

the organized resistance to an established authority

79
Q

Coalition Government Definition

A

a type of government created when leaders from two or more political parties agree to form one national government

80
Q

Parliamentary Republic Definition

A

a democratic form of government where the party with the greatest number of representatives in the parliament (or legislature) forms the government and its leader becomes prime minister

81
Q

Secularism Definition

A

an ideology that focused on making decisions without religious or spiritual basis

82
Q

Glasnost Definition

A

a policy to make the government of the Soviet Union more open and transparent

83
Q

Nation-state Definition

A

an autonomous, self-governing entity that exerts political power inside and beyond its territorial borders

84
Q

Perestroika Definition

A

a policy to reform the communist economic system of the Soviet Union

85
Q

Draft Dodger Definition

A

an American man who evaded the Vietnam draft

86
Q

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Definition

A

a U.S. resolution giving President Johnson all necessary power to fight the enemy in Vietnam

87
Q

Atlantic Charter Definition

A

a joint statement released by Great Britain and the United States in 1941 outlining their goals in fighting World War II, including the preservation of self-determination for oppressed people

88
Q

Ho Chi Minh Trail Definition

A

a supply line from North Vietnam to South Vietnam supplying Viet Cong forces with weapons

89
Q

Trusteeship Definition

A

a supervisory control by one or more countries over a territory

90
Q

Viet Cong Definition

A

a South Vietnam supporter of the North Vietnam communists

91
Q

Viet Minh Definition

A

a Vietnamese resistance movement that fought against both French and Japanese colonial control

92
Q

Coup Definition

A

a sudden upheaval in government where the ruler is taken out of power

93
Q

Divide and Rule Definition

A

a policy to deliberately weaken a unified group by separating it into sections with different privileges and rules

94
Q

Scorched-earth Tactics Definition

A

a military strategy to destroy anything that might be useful to the enemy

95
Q

Loom Definition

A

a tool for weaving yarn or thread into fabric

96
Q

Personal Computer Definition

A

a computer designed to be used by one person at a time

97
Q

5CB Definition

A

a chemical used to make liquid crystal displays for computers, televisions, and cell phones

98
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act Definition

A

a law that prohibits the discrimination of individuals with disabilities

99
Q

Ammonia Definition

A

a chemical often used in fertilizers

100
Q

Chemical Definition

A

a compound or substance that has been purified or prepared by scientists

101
Q

Communications Decency Act Definition

A

a law passed to fight against what was considered objectionable material on the internet

102
Q

DDT Definition

A

an artificial pesticide developed in the 1940s

103
Q

Environmentalism Definition

A

a movement focused on protecting the environment

104
Q

March of Dimes Definition

A

an organization that was created to help people who had been impacted by polio

105
Q

Penicillin Definition

A

an antibiotic produced from blue molds

106
Q

Polythene Definition

A

a chemical used to make plastics

107
Q

Entreprenuer Definition

A

a person who turns an idea or invention into a business

108
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition

A

the total amount of goods and services in a market during one year’s period of time

109
Q

Multinational Corporation Definition

A

a company whose reach goes beyond that of a national border

110
Q

Great Leap Foward Definition

A

an economic and social program by the Chinese Communist Party to transition China from an agrarian to an industrialized society

111
Q

Tiananmen Squure Protests Definition

A

the Chinese pro-democracy protests in 1989 that resulted in the suppression of political dissent and the reaffirmation of Chinese Communist Party authority

112
Q

Absolute Advantage Definition

A

the ability to produce more of a product

113
Q

Comparative Advantage Definition

A

the ability to produce a product at a lower cost of resources

114
Q

Cost of Labor Definition

A

the amount workers are paid for their efforts

115
Q

Opportunity Cost Definition

A

the loss of value in a decision made in production

116
Q

Physical System Definition

A

an arrangement of parts or elements that together exhibit behavior

117
Q

Existentialism Definition

A

the philosophical belief that focuses on individuals and their choices

118
Q

Pessimism Definition

A

the philosophical belief and outlook on life that negative events are usually expected to happen

119
Q

Container Shipping Definition

A

the practice of packing goods in large steel containers that can travel by ship, truck, or train. They are unpacked only when they reach their final destination

120
Q

Internet Definition

A

a system that links computers and allows them to communicate so that users can exchange and access information across the entire system

121
Q

Microcomputer Definition

A

a small computer that can fit on the top of a desk and that an individual or small business can afford

122
Q

Microprocessor Definition

A

a silicon chip containing large numbers of transistors that communicate with each other and can carry out a variety of complex tasks

123
Q

Semiconductor Definition

A

a silicon chip containing a large number of transistors that perform a specific, complex task

124
Q

Supply Chain Definition

A

a sequence of processes and interchanges that brings a good to a certain location

125
Q

Transistor Definition

A

a cheap, lightweight switch that is central to all modern electronics

126
Q

Bosnian Definition

A

a person who lives in the Balkans, speaks Bosnian, and is likely to be Muslim

127
Q

Holodomor Definition

A

an intentional mass famine in Ukraine between 1932 and 1933 by the Soviet Union killing approximately 3.5 million

128
Q

Hutu Definition

A

the major ethnic groups in the African Great Lakes Region; the former majority ethnic group in Rwanda (identifying as Hutu is now illegal)

129
Q

Tutsi Definition

A

an ethnic group persecuted during the Rwandan genocide; the former minority ethnic group in Rwanda (identifying as Tutsi is now illegal)

130
Q

African Union Definition

A

intergovernmental organization whose purpose is to unify and strengthen African states and promote economic development and international cooperation

131
Q

Atrocity Definition

A

a seriously terrible act, usually involving violence

132
Q

Censorship Definition

A

government suppression or editing of communication, media, or other information

133
Q

International Criminal Court Definition

A

an independent judicial body with jurisdiction over individuals charged with genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity

134
Q

Mass Killing Definition

A

multiple homicides

135
Q

Media Definition

A

the means of mass communication

136
Q

State-sponsored Terrorism Definition

A

terrorism used by a government to control a population through fear

137
Q

Terrorism Definition

A

acts of violence used to create fear and intimidation to advance a political or social objective

138
Q

War on Terror Definition

A

the United States’ ongoing international counterterrorism military campaign launched after September 11, 2001

139
Q

Network Definition

A

a system of interconnected or interdependent people or things

140
Q

Purge Definition

A

to quickly and violently remove a group of people who are targeted by a government due to religion, ethnicity, race, or ideology

141
Q

Revolutionary Terrorism Definition

A

terrorism used to overthrow a government or push an agenda

142
Q

Disinformation Definition

A

the false information that is deliberately spread in order to mislead people

143
Q

Misinformation Definition

A

the false information spread by someone who believes it to be true

144
Q

Rohingya Definition

A

an ethnic group living in southwest Myanmar

145
Q

Civil Liberties Definition

A

the individual rights, usually considered the natural rights of all humans, which are widely agreed should be protected by laws in a just nation

146
Q

Human Rights Definition

A

the rights that all people deserve according to the moral principles ascribed to human behavior, typically codified as legal rights and defined by international law

147
Q

Human Rights Violation Definition

A

the taking away of human rights or making them difficult to access

148
Q

Tribunal Definition

A

a body established to try cases and pass judgment about a specific situation, such as human rights violations carried out during a genocide

149
Q

Uighur Definition

A

a minority ethnic group native to Xinjiang, China; pronounced “wee-ger”

150
Q

International Law Definition

A

the generally acknowledged norms governing interactions between nations

151
Q

Natural Rights Definition

A

the rights that are not given by a government or society, but exist universally

152
Q

Autocratic Government Definition

A

a government in which the leaders have absolute power

153
Q

Nongovernmental Organization Definition

A

an organization that operates independently from and sometimes in coordination with governments to assist with humanitarian crises

154
Q

Nonintervention Definition

A

a policy of not directly interfering in the domestic affairs of sovereign nations

155
Q

Public Awareness Campaign Definition

A

a public effort to build recognition of a problem using media, messaging, and an organized set of communication tactics in order to achieve a goal

156
Q

Sovereignty Definition

A

independent, autonomous authority

157
Q

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Definition

A

the United Nations international agreement that outlines the fundamental freedoms and rights of all people

158
Q

Autocracy Definition

A

a government in which political preferences cannot be expressed and citizens are not guaranteed civil liberties

159
Q

Developing Country Definition

A

a country with a comparatively small economy, often dominated by agriculture, and having a generally low quality of life

160
Q

Resource Curse Definition

A

the international development theory that having a large amount of natural resources in a developing country is bad because it leads to the rise of autocracy, an economy that depends on natural resources, and violent conflict over control of resources

161
Q

Wahhabism Definition

A

a conservative Sunni Muslim religious movement

162
Q

Developed Country Definition

A

a country with a comparatively large economy, often concentrated in manufacturing and services, and having a generally high quality of life

163
Q

Rentier State Definition

A

a state in which the government gets a large amount of its income from rents, or money paid by foreigners, to use the state’s natural resources, instead of taxes paid by the local people

164
Q

Climate Change Definition

A

the trends in weather, ice formation, and sea levels influenced by changes in the Earth’s atmosphere; human-made climate change results primarily from the release of airborne pollutants

165
Q

Conservation Definition

A

the act of preserving the environment with the intention of long-term sustainability

166
Q

Shifting Cultivation Definition

A

the use of a piece of land for a particular purpose for only a short period of time

167
Q

Coal Seam Definition

A

an underground layer of coal that can run for miles and connect to other seams

168
Q

Paris Agreement Definition

A

a 2015 international agreement on climate change that set goals for reducing carbon emissions and established methods for financing environmental policy goals

169
Q

Tar Sands Definition

A

a mix of sand, clay, and water soaked with a thick, black, sticky oil called bitumen that can be refined into gas

Honors World History B (6 decks)

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