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Honors World History B > Unit 2: Europe 1650-1815 > Flashcards

Unit 2: Europe 1650-1815 Flashcards

1
Q

Revolution Definition

A

a sudden and significant change to the current state, typically denoting a political or cultural change

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2
Q

Science Definition

A

the process of studying the physical universe through predictions, practice, and testing

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3
Q

Scientific Revolution Definition

A

the period of time in European early modern history that saw major developments in chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, physics, and biology (1400–1690 CE)

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4
Q

Agnosticism Definition

A

the belief that the existence of a divine creator is a known uncertainty; a philosophy that allows for the existence of a divine creator without defining them within the terms of a specific religious faith

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5
Q

Archimedean Definition

A

based on the ideas or discoveries of Archimedes; refers to approaching something from a mathematical perspective

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6
Q

Aristotelianism Definition

A

a philosophical movement based on the works of Aristotle that emphasizes reason and logic in the study of the natural world

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7
Q

Deist Definition

A

a believer in the religious philosophy of Deism, which teaches that religious beliefs are natural or inherent, existing outside the teachings of a church or prophet

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8
Q

Divine Right of Kings Definition

A

the belief that the power of the monarch comes from God and is therefore absolute

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9
Q

Human Rights Definition

A

the rights that all people deserve according to the moral principles ascribed to human behavior, typically codified as legal rights and defined by international law

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10
Q

Inalienable Rights Definition

A

the natural rights of all people that are universal and supersede all legal rights

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11
Q

Laissez-faire Definition

A

the idea that the government should not interfere in the economy or private business; a French phrase meaning “let them be” or “let them do,” which was advocated by Adam Smith and other capitalist thinkers in the age of industrialization; essentially encouraged the governments to play little to no role in the economy

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12
Q

Philosophes Definition

A

literally “philosophers” in French, used to describe the eighteenth-century intellectuals who applied reason to areas of study beyond science

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13
Q

Utilitarianism Definition

A

a philosophical and moral theory that defines the “usefulness” of an action by its outcome; considers the best course of action to be that which has a positive outcome for the greatest number of people

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14
Q

The Enlightenment Definition

A

an intellectual movement that took place from 1600 to 1800 that focused on the individual rather than on tradition; a European intellectual movement in the 1600s and 1700s that focused on the concepts of God, humankind, nature, and reason

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15
Q

Enlightened Despot Definition

A

a ruler who embraced Enlightenment ideas and attempted to implement reforms

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16
Q

Enserfed Population Definition

A

peasants who are legally bound to an estate and forced to labor under the lord who owns it

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17
Q

Pedagogy Definition

A

the theory and practice of teaching

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18
Q

Romantic Movement Definition

A

an artistic, literary, and philosophical movement in nineteenth-century Europe that emphasized individuality, nature, and the expression of emotions

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19
Q

Serfdom Definition

A

a form of slavery that forced individuals into indentured servitude using debt bondage

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20
Q

Absolutism Definition

A

a governing philosophy based around the unlimited legal and political power of a single, centralized authority such as a king or an emperor

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21
Q

Fronde Definition

A

a French civil war that took place from 1648–1653

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22
Q

Palace of Versailles Definition

A

a large series of buildings and gardens built by King Louis XIV

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23
Q

Parlement of Paris Definition

A

the high court of Paris; the high court of Paris and Northern France

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24
Q

Three Estates Definition

A

the social structure of prerevolutionary France that divided the country into three social classes: the clergy, the nobility, and the common people

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25
Boyar Definition
a member of the Russian nobility
26
Enlightened Despotism Definition
a governing philosophy that included absolutism but added the idea that an absolute ruler should implement reforms for the betterment of their people
27
Expansionism Definition
a national political and military policy of expanding territory
28
Tsar/Tsarina Definition
the ruler of Russia, with a male and female form
29
Westernization Definition
the putting in place of reforms or encouraging development of a society and economy to become more like those in Western Europe and the United States
30
Absolute Monarchy Definition
a system of government in which political power and decision making is granted to one individual (usually a king or a queen), most commonly for their lifetime
31
British Parliament Definition
a governing body in Britain, made up of the hereditary nobles’ House of Lords and the property owners’ House of Commons, which officially meets at the summons of the monarch
32
Constitutional Monarchy Definition
a system of government in which an elected or hereditary monarch is the head of state and shares power with a constitutionally organized government
33
English Civil War Definition
the war between the British monarchy and Parliament, which ended with the execution of King Charles I
34
Glorious Revolution Definition
a series of events resulting with the British Parliament offering the throne and a Declaration of Rights to new monarchs chosen by them
35
Magna Carta Definition
the 1215 document signed by King John declaring that free Englishmen have certain rights and the monarchy is bound by the rule of law
36
English Bill of Rights Definition
a legal document passed by Parliament after the end of King James I’s reign, in which limits to the powers of the monarch were legally defined
37
Petition of Right Definition
a petition sent by Parliament to King Charles in 1628, complaining about a series of broken laws and demanding that certain rights be recognized and protected by him
38
Atheist Definition
a person who does not believe in the existence of a supreme creator, such as a God or gods
39
Division of Labor Definition
a key feature of the factory system of the industrial era in which individual workers perform the same task over and over as part of the larger production process, which increased the efficiency of production but was criticized as monotonous by the workers
40
Encyclopedia Definition
a group of books that provide information on a wide variety of subjects
41
Natural (Human) Right Definition
a right that is not given by a government or society, but exists universally; according to Enlightenment philosopher John Locke, these included an individual’s right to life, liberty, and property
42
Separation of Powers Definition
the principle of government in which executive, judicial, and legislative powers are assigned to different branches of government
43
"Candide" Definition
a satirical novel published by Voltaire in 1759
44
Empirical Definition
an idea or thought that is verified by observation or experience through the five senses: touch, taste, sight, smell, hearing
45
"Gulliver’s Travels" Definition
a satirical story written by Jonathan Swift in 1726
46
Reign of Terror Definition
a brief period of the French Revolution during which thousands of people were executed by the ruling faction
47
Representative Democracy Definition
a form of governance in which the people exercise their right to make political decisions through their elected representatives
48
Satire Definition
the use of humor, exaggeration, or ridicule in plays or literature toward people, groups, or society
49
Social Contract Theory Definition
the Enlightenment idea that members of a society agree to give up some individual freedoms to the government in exchange for the government protecting their natural rights
50
Capitalism Definition
an economic system in which businesses are privately owned and the business owner seeks to make a profit from the business
51
Communism Definition
a movement to create a socioeconomic system structured around common ownership of the means of production and the abolition of social class and the state
52
Industrial Revolution Definition
the shift from an economy centered on agriculture to an economy centered on mechanized, industrial production
53
Mercantilism Definition
an economic system in which government controls trade to benefit the state and colonies exist to provide wealth to the controlling country
54
Narrative Definition
a story or framework for understanding
55
Renaissance Definition
an era in European history from 1340 to 1620 in which people began to show a greater interest in the arts and sciences
56
Urbanization Definition
the movement of people to major centers of population
57
Age of Exploration Definition
the period in history between the fifteenth century and the eighteenth century during which European explorers traveled throughout the world using new maritime technologies
58
Aristocracy Definition
the highest class in a society possessing hereditary power through land, titles, or political offices
59
Bastille Definition
a state-run prison in France that was known to house political prisoners
60
Estates-General Definition
the lawmaking body of prerevolutionary France
61
Guillotine Definition
an instrument for administering capital punishment by decapitation
62
Reign of Terror Definition
a brief period of the French Revolution during which thousands of people were executed by the ruling faction
63
Tennis Court Oath Definition
a signed pledge and revolutionary act stating political authority came from the nation’s people and not from the monarchy
64
Consul Definition
the title given to one of the chief political leaders in France during Napoleon’s time
65
Continental System Definition
Napoleon’s strategy to bankrupt the British Empire by preventing it from accessing the continent
66
Seven Year's War Definition
a war between the British and French seeking overall dominance on the world stage (1756 – 1763)
67
Czar Definition
the name given to the Russian king
68
Holy Synod Definition
a group created by Peter the Great to set Russian Orthodox Church policies
69
The "Instruction" Definition
Catherine the Great’s guide for Enlightenment reform in Russia
70
Patriarch Definition
a religious official in the Eastern Orthodox Church
71
First Partition Definition
an agreement among Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary to divide territories belonging to Poland for each of the three states to annex in 1772
72
Fjord Definition
a narrow inlet in the water created by glaciers
73
Glaciation Definition
the shaping of the land by the movement of glaciers, which causes erosion, weathering, and transportation of certain rocks and minerals
74
Marshland Definition
a wetland that consists of herbaceous vegetation rather than those wood-based plants found in forests
75
Declaration of Independence Definition
a document written by the Continental Congress in 1776 declaring separation from Britain
76
Grievances Definition
the reasons for complaint, written by the American colonists to express their unfair treatment by the British government
77
Hegemony Definition
the social or political dominance over a group
78
American Revolution Definition
an ideological conflict between Great Britain and the American colonies that resulted in the Revolutionary War
79
Boston Tea Party Definition
a protest by the Sons of Liberty in response to the raising of taxes on tea in the American colonies
80
Intolerable Acts Definition
a series of laws created by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party protest
81
Proclamation of 1763 Definition
a royal English law that set aside trans-Appalachia as an Indigenous American reserve and forbade English colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
82
Salutary Neglect Definition
the unofficial policy in the seventeenth century that allowed the American colonies to have their own form of government as long as they remained profitable and loyal to the British
83
Declaration of the Rights of Man of the Citizen Definition
a document of basic human liberties written in 1789 that was inspired by the principles of the French Revolution
84
Caste System Definition
a class structure determined by birth and occupation
85
Navigation Act of 1763 Definition
a law put in place by Britain that forbade its colonies from trading with other countries

Honors World History B (6 decks)

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