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Honors World History B > Unit 2: Europe 1650-1815 > Flashcards

Unit 2: Europe 1650-1815 Flashcards

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1
Q

Revolution Definition

A

a sudden and significant change to the current state, typically denoting a political or cultural change

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2
Q

Science Definition

A

the process of studying the physical universe through predictions, practice, and testing

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3
Q

Scientific Revolution Definition

A

the period of time in European early modern history that saw major developments in chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, physics, and biology (1400–1690 CE)

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4
Q

Agnosticism Definition

A

the belief that the existence of a divine creator is a known uncertainty; a philosophy that allows for the existence of a divine creator without defining them within the terms of a specific religious faith

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5
Q

Archimedean Definition

A

based on the ideas or discoveries of Archimedes; refers to approaching something from a mathematical perspective

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6
Q

Aristotelianism Definition

A

a philosophical movement based on the works of Aristotle that emphasizes reason and logic in the study of the natural world

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7
Q

Deist Definition

A

a believer in the religious philosophy of Deism, which teaches that religious beliefs are natural or inherent, existing outside the teachings of a church or prophet

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8
Q

Divine Right of Kings Definition

A

the belief that the power of the monarch comes from God and is therefore absolute

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9
Q

Human Rights Definition

A

the rights that all people deserve according to the moral principles ascribed to human behavior, typically codified as legal rights and defined by international law

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10
Q

Inalienable Rights Definition

A

the natural rights of all people that are universal and supersede all legal rights

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11
Q

Laissez-faire Definition

A

the idea that the government should not interfere in the economy or private business; a French phrase meaning “let them be” or “let them do,” which was advocated by Adam Smith and other capitalist thinkers in the age of industrialization; essentially encouraged the governments to play little to no role in the economy

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12
Q

Philosophes Definition

A

literally “philosophers” in French, used to describe the eighteenth-century intellectuals who applied reason to areas of study beyond science

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13
Q

Utilitarianism Definition

A

a philosophical and moral theory that defines the “usefulness” of an action by its outcome; considers the best course of action to be that which has a positive outcome for the greatest number of people

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14
Q

The Enlightenment Definition

A

an intellectual movement that took place from 1600 to 1800 that focused on the individual rather than on tradition; a European intellectual movement in the 1600s and 1700s that focused on the concepts of God, humankind, nature, and reason

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15
Q

Enlightened Despot Definition

A

a ruler who embraced Enlightenment ideas and attempted to implement reforms

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16
Q

Enserfed Population Definition

A

peasants who are legally bound to an estate and forced to labor under the lord who owns it

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17
Q

Pedagogy Definition

A

the theory and practice of teaching

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18
Q

Romantic Movement Definition

A

an artistic, literary, and philosophical movement in nineteenth-century Europe that emphasized individuality, nature, and the expression of emotions

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19
Q

Serfdom Definition

A

a form of slavery that forced individuals into indentured servitude using debt bondage

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20
Q

Absolutism Definition

A

a governing philosophy based around the unlimited legal and political power of a single, centralized authority such as a king or an emperor

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21
Q

Fronde Definition

A

a French civil war that took place from 1648–1653

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22
Q

Palace of Versailles Definition

A

a large series of buildings and gardens built by King Louis XIV

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23
Q

Parlement of Paris Definition

A

the high court of Paris; the high court of Paris and Northern France

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24
Q

Three Estates Definition

A

the social structure of prerevolutionary France that divided the country into three social classes: the clergy, the nobility, and the common people

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25
Q

Boyar Definition

A

a member of the Russian nobility

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26
Q

Enlightened Despotism Definition

A

a governing philosophy that included absolutism but added the idea that an absolute ruler should implement reforms for the betterment of their people

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27
Q

Expansionism Definition

A

a national political and military policy of expanding territory

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28
Q

Tsar/Tsarina Definition

A

the ruler of Russia, with a male and female form

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29
Q

Westernization Definition

A

the putting in place of reforms or encouraging development of a society and economy to become more like those in Western Europe and the United States

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30
Q

Absolute Monarchy Definition

A

a system of government in which political power and decision making is granted to one individual (usually a king or a queen), most commonly for their lifetime

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31
Q

British Parliament Definition

A

a governing body in Britain, made up of the hereditary nobles’ House of Lords and the property owners’ House of Commons, which officially meets at the summons of the monarch

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32
Q

Constitutional Monarchy Definition

A

a system of government in which an elected or hereditary monarch is the head of state and shares power with a constitutionally organized government

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33
Q

English Civil War Definition

A

the war between the British monarchy and Parliament, which ended with the execution of King Charles I

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34
Q

Glorious Revolution Definition

A

a series of events resulting with the British Parliament offering the throne and a Declaration of Rights to new monarchs chosen by them

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35
Q

Magna Carta Definition

A

the 1215 document signed by King John declaring that free Englishmen have certain rights and the monarchy is bound by the rule of law

36
Q

English Bill of Rights Definition

A

a legal document passed by Parliament after the end of King James I’s reign, in which limits to the powers of the monarch were legally defined

37
Q

Petition of Right Definition

A

a petition sent by Parliament to King Charles in 1628, complaining about a series of broken laws and demanding that certain rights be recognized and protected by him

38
Q

Atheist Definition

A

a person who does not believe in the existence of a supreme creator, such as a God or gods

39
Q

Division of Labor Definition

A

a key feature of the factory system of the industrial era in which individual workers perform the same task over and over as part of the larger production process, which increased the efficiency of production but was criticized as monotonous by the workers

40
Q

Encyclopedia Definition

A

a group of books that provide information on a wide variety of subjects

41
Q

Natural (Human) Right Definition

A

a right that is not given by a government or society, but exists universally; according to Enlightenment philosopher John Locke, these included an individual’s right to life, liberty, and property

42
Q

Separation of Powers Definition

A

the principle of government in which executive, judicial, and legislative powers are assigned to different branches of government

43
Q

“Candide” Definition

A

a satirical novel published by Voltaire in 1759

44
Q

Empirical Definition

A

an idea or thought that is verified by observation or experience through the five senses: touch, taste, sight, smell, hearing

45
Q

“Gulliver’s Travels” Definition

A

a satirical story written by Jonathan Swift in 1726

46
Q

Reign of Terror Definition

A

a brief period of the French Revolution during which thousands of people were executed by the ruling faction

47
Q

Representative Democracy Definition

A

a form of governance in which the people exercise their right to make political decisions through their elected representatives

48
Q

Satire Definition

A

the use of humor, exaggeration, or ridicule in plays or literature toward people, groups, or society

49
Q

Social Contract Theory Definition

A

the Enlightenment idea that members of a society agree to give up some individual freedoms to the government in exchange for the government protecting their natural rights

50
Q

Capitalism Definition

A

an economic system in which businesses are privately owned and the business owner seeks to make a profit from the business

51
Q

Communism Definition

A

a movement to create a socioeconomic system structured around common ownership of the means of production and the abolition of social class and the state

52
Q

Industrial Revolution Definition

A

the shift from an economy centered on agriculture to an economy centered on mechanized, industrial production

53
Q

Mercantilism Definition

A

an economic system in which government controls trade to benefit the state and colonies exist to provide wealth to the controlling country

54
Q

Narrative Definition

A

a story or framework for understanding

55
Q

Renaissance Definition

A

an era in European history from 1340 to 1620 in which people began to show a greater interest in the arts and sciences

56
Q

Urbanization Definition

A

the movement of people to major centers of population

57
Q

Age of Exploration Definition

A

the period in history between the fifteenth century and the eighteenth century during which European explorers traveled throughout the world using new maritime technologies

58
Q

Aristocracy Definition

A

the highest class in a society possessing hereditary power through land, titles, or political offices

59
Q

Bastille Definition

A

a state-run prison in France that was known to house political prisoners

60
Q

Estates-General Definition

A

the lawmaking body of prerevolutionary France

61
Q

Guillotine Definition

A

an instrument for administering capital punishment by decapitation

62
Q

Reign of Terror Definition

A

a brief period of the French Revolution during which thousands of people were executed by the ruling faction

63
Q

Tennis Court Oath Definition

A

a signed pledge and revolutionary act stating political authority came from the nation’s people and not from the monarchy

64
Q

Consul Definition

A

the title given to one of the chief political leaders in France during Napoleon’s time

65
Q

Continental System Definition

A

Napoleon’s strategy to bankrupt the British Empire by preventing it from accessing the continent

66
Q

Seven Year’s War Definition

A

a war between the British and French seeking overall dominance on the world stage (1756 – 1763)

67
Q

Czar Definition

A

the name given to the Russian king

68
Q

Holy Synod Definition

A

a group created by Peter the Great to set Russian Orthodox Church policies

69
Q

The “Instruction” Definition

A

Catherine the Great’s guide for Enlightenment reform in Russia

70
Q

Patriarch Definition

A

a religious official in the Eastern Orthodox Church

71
Q

First Partition Definition

A

an agreement among Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary to divide territories belonging to Poland for each of the three states to annex in 1772

72
Q

Fjord Definition

A

a narrow inlet in the water created by glaciers

73
Q

Glaciation Definition

A

the shaping of the land by the movement of glaciers, which causes erosion, weathering, and transportation of certain rocks and minerals

74
Q

Marshland Definition

A

a wetland that consists of herbaceous vegetation rather than those wood-based plants found in forests

75
Q

Declaration of Independence Definition

A

a document written by the Continental Congress in 1776 declaring separation from Britain

76
Q

Grievances Definition

A

the reasons for complaint, written by the American colonists to express their unfair treatment by the British government

77
Q

Hegemony Definition

A

the social or political dominance over a group

78
Q

American Revolution Definition

A

an ideological conflict between Great Britain and the American colonies that resulted in the Revolutionary War

79
Q

Boston Tea Party Definition

A

a protest by the Sons of Liberty in response to the raising of taxes on tea in the American colonies

80
Q

Intolerable Acts Definition

A

a series of laws created by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party protest

81
Q

Proclamation of 1763 Definition

A

a royal English law that set aside trans-Appalachia as an Indigenous American reserve and forbade English colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

82
Q

Salutary Neglect Definition

A

the unofficial policy in the seventeenth century that allowed the American colonies to have their own form of government as long as they remained profitable and loyal to the British

83
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man of the Citizen Definition

A

a document of basic human liberties written in 1789 that was inspired by the principles of the French Revolution

84
Q

Caste System Definition

A

a class structure determined by birth and occupation

85
Q

Navigation Act of 1763 Definition

A

a law put in place by Britain that forbade its colonies from trading with other countries

Honors World History B (6 decks)

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