Unit 1: Contact, Imperialism, and Colonization Flashcards
Cavalry Definition
a group of soldiers who fight on horseback
Commodity Definition
a basic good used in trade and production of other goods
Fleet Definition
a group of ships traveling together
Lacquerware Definition
objects with a decorative lacquer coating
Pastoral Communities Definition
societies dependent on herding domesticated animals, often nomadic
Steppes Definition
vast, treeless plains in Central Asia
Tributes Definition
ritual exchanges to honor leaders, related to foreign relations
Age of Exploration Definition
the period in history between the fifteenth century and the eighteenth century during which European explorers traveled throughout the world using new maritime technologies
Astrolabe Definition
perhaps developed in Persia in the eleventh century, the device helped mariners determine latitude
Caravel Definition
the relatively light, fast-moving ships designed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century, which helped make distant global exploration possible
Lateen Sail Definition
a triangular sail that enabled boats to use the gusts from monsoon winds to travel across the Indian Ocean
Magnetic Compass Definition
a device that uses cardinal directions and magnetized needles for navigation
Cartography Definition
the science and practice of representing a geographical area, such as on a two- dimensional surface like a map
Circumvent Definition
going around
Coriolis Effect Definition
a moving rotating mass experiences a force perpendicular to the rotation axis and motion direction
Current Definition
the flow of water, air, or electricity
Doldrums Definition
zones where trade winds meet, and the falling air creates a region of calm winds
Headwind Definition
a wind blowing from the front
Oceanic Gyre Definition
a large circular system of ocean currents created by the Earth’s rotation and global wind patterns
Rudder Definition
a piece of wood or metal with a hinge to move back and forth that is found under the stern (back) of a boat, used to steer
Trade Winds Definition
east to west wind currents that blow consistently slightly north and south of the equator
Augustinians Definition
Christian order that follows the rule of Saint Augustine
Caliphate Definition
Islamic state/empire
Dominicans Definition
Christian order that follows the rule of Saint Dominic
Franciscans Definition
Christian order that follows the rule of Saint Francis
Levant Definition
a historical term used for the Middle East
Mission Definition
an organized effort to spread Christianity to foreign lands
Zealotry Definition
uncompromising support of religious ideals, almost to the point of fanaticism
Inquisition Definition
a series of trials used by the Catholic Church to regulate the faith against heretics and Protestant Reformers (c. fifteenth to nineteenth centuries)
Jesuits Definition
a religious order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola opposed to Reformation
Reduction Definition
a Portuguese community developed in South America for Indigenous populations to study, learn, and practice Christianity
Religious Order Definition
a community of religious individuals who live by a set of beliefs laid out by its founder
Sect Definition
a religious, political, or cultural subgroup
Shinto Definition
Japan’s Indigenous religion
Spanish Reconquista Definition
a series of conflicts that occurred between Muslims from North Africa and Christians in the Iberian Peninsula
Zeal Definition
the uncompromising support of religious ideals, almost to the point of fanaticism
Conquistador Definition
a Spanish person who came to the western hemisphere with the Spanish Empire to conquer territory and gain profit
Empire Definition
a term used to specify when a nation has power over territories outside of its immediate borders
Encomienda Definition
a system developed by the Spanish to control land and Indigenous peoples’ labor in the Western Hemisphere in the sixteenth century
Middleman Definition
an individual who acts as a go-between for two parties, such as a trader and a buyer
Pope Definition
the head of the Roman Catholic Church who also serves as bishop of Rome
Assimilation Definition
a policy in which the imperialists force their culture and way of life onto their subjects; it assumes that the way of life of the imperialist is superior to the way of life of the subject
Imperialism Definition
the practice of one group of people establishing control over another in a foreign land
Mercantilism Definition
a country’s wealth is measured by the amount of gold or silver it has; colonies exist to provide wealth to the controlling country
Nationalism Definition
an intense pride in one’s nation
Paternalism Definition
an imperialist policy of treating subjects as if they were children and incapable of self-rule
Social Darwinism Definition
the misapplication of Charles Darwin’s ideas to people and societies
Direct Rule Definition
a form of imperial government in which the foreign power controls all aspects of bureaucracy in a colony
Indirect Rule Definition
a form of imperial government in which local people administer the colony under the control of a foreign power
Protectorate Definition
a country that is controlled by, but not governed by, another country
Diaspora Definition
a mass migration of people from their homeland
Middle Passage Definition
the sea journey that transported enslaved people from Africa to the Americas
Transatlantic Trade Network Definition
a trade network across the Atlantic Ocean that transported goods between Africa, Europe, and the Americas
Cash Crop Definition
a crop, such as sugar, that is grown for profit and production, rather than food
Chattel Slavery Definition
the enslaving and owning of human beings and their children; in the system of chattel slavery, people were treated like livestock and families were enslaved for generations
Colonial Plantation Definition
a large farm in the colonies generally specializing in one highly profitable crop
Cormantin Definition
an area in Ghana well known for its former slave fort, Fort Amsterdam
Jaga Definition
a Portuguese term for various tribes of African warriors from lands east of Kongo
Kwaland Definition
a region in interior Africa, around Liberia to Nigeria, defined by the peoples who speak languages from the Kwa language family
African Diaspora Definition
the assemblage of communities around the world of people who descended from Africa
Flogging Definition
whipping
Colonization Definition
the process a country takes to control a foreign land and its people for economic gain
Conversion Definition
to give up one set of beliefs for another, in terms of religious conversion
Mission Definition
a religious organization on a long- term stay providing aid in a foreign country; typically refers to the actual site where the organization is located
Missionary Definition
a religious person sent to foreign lands to convert others to their belief system
Smallpox Definition
a disease similar to the flu that can result in death; vaccines today prevent it from occurring
Treaty Definition
a formal agreement between two countries
Eurocentric Definition
a formal agreement between two countries
Hispaniola Definition
an island in the Caribbean Sea that includes the modern nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Huron Confederacy Definition
various indigenous groups living along the St. Lawrence River in Canada who spoke the same language and allied themselves with the French colonists against the English
K’iche’ Definition
the Indigenous people of the Mayan Empire who occupied territory in the highlands of Guatemala
New Spain Definition
the Spanish Empire in the Americas during the 1500–1700s
The Popol Vuh Definition
the mythological book of the K’iche’ people that details their history and religious beliefs
Taino Definition
indigenous inhabitants of Haiti and other Caribbean islands
Armada Definition
a fleet of warships
Cash Economy Definition
the transactions for goods or services that are carried out with the use of currency (opposite of barter)
Commercial Revolution Definition
a period of change during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which higher levels of global trade and wealth flowed into European nations and resulted in the creation of new economic, political, and social systems
Globalization Definition
the increasing connectedness of people and places throughout the world due to processes that connect economies, politics, and cultures at a global scale and at a pace supported by modern and emerging technologies
Inflation Definition
an increase in prices and a decrease in the value of money/currency
Mercantilism (2) Definition
the idea that the government should control trade to benefit the state
Minted Definition
to make paper currency and metal coins
Transatlantic Slave Trade Definition
a system of trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe that saw millions of Africans bought, sold, enslaved, and forced to work without pay in New World colonies
Capitalism Definition
an economic system in which businesses are privately owned and the business owner seeks to make a profit from the business
Feudal System Defintion
a political, military, and social system based on landownership in which workers do agricultural labor for the landowner in exchange for a portion of their crops and the landowner provides military protection
Industrial Revolution Definition
the shift from an economy centered on agriculture to an economy centered on mechanized, industrial production
Reservation Definition
land set aside for a specific use
Perspective Definition
the outlook or viewpoint of an author or source that includes their experiences, beliefs, and thoughts on a particular topic
Values Definition
beliefs, ideas, or principles held by a society on what is right or wrong
Fact Definition
a statement that can be proven true
Opinion Definition
a person’s feelings that cannot be proven
Peer Review Definition
an evaluation process for publication in scholarly journals by others in the same field
Propaganda Definition
the biased or misleading information that is promoted by a particular political ideology with the intent to persuade
Creoles Definition
the people who have a mix of Black and European ancestry
Peninsulares Definition
members of the Spanish elite in the Americas who held all important positions of power because they had been born in Spain
Social Caste System Definition
a system in which status and power in society are strictly defined
Bourbon Reforms Definition
a series of social and military changes created by the Royal Bourbon family
Independence Movement Definition
a group of people pushing for their country to be its own sovereign nation
Political Administration Definition
a country exercising its powers to control its affairs in its government
Commercialization Definition
the process of managing a certain economic activity in order to make a financial profit
Industrialization Definition
the process of developing machine production of goods
Land Revenue System Definition
the system of taxation set up by the British in India to tax farmers
Anglo-Zulu War Definition
the war fought between the British and the Zulu in 1879
Hut Tax Definition
a tax placed on Zulu huts based on their size by the British imperial government
Reparations Definition
compensation for a wrongdoing, often through monetary payment
Zulu Wars Definition
a series of conflicts between the British and the Zulu throughout the nineteenth century
Chancellor Definition
a prime minister of the German Republic government
Constitution Definition
a set of founding principles under which a group of people agrees to be governed
Emperor Definition
a figurehead and religious leader of Japan
Feudal Lords Definition
a ruler in a feudal system, in which lower-class people work in the lord’s service
Franco-Prussian War Definition
a war between France and the states of Germany that lasted from 1870 to 1871
Industrialized Definition
the process a country goes through to develop machine production of goods
Meiji Restoration Definition
a political event that restored imperial rule in Japan to the Emperor Meiji; characterized by rapid industrialization and the adoption of Western ideas and methods of production
Nation Definition
a group of people who see themselves as belonging together because of a shared history, culture, or language
Nation-state Definition
a combination of a nation and a state
North German Confederation Definition
an alliance of northern German states
Parliament Definition
a body of government that makes laws
Prime Minister Definition
a term for someone who runs a government
Prussia Definition
a former state in northern Europe
State Definition
an independent government that rules over an area with clear boundaries
Tokugawa Shogunate Definition
the military government in Japan founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu; it lasted from 1603 to 1867
Unification Definition
the process of becoming a whole or one group
First Sino-Japanese War Definition
a war fought between China and Japan from 1894 to 1895 over control of Korea
Foreign Relations Definition
the process undertaken by a country when officially interacting with another country
Imperialist Definition
relating to or supporting imperialism
Industrializing Definition
the process of undergoing technological advancement on a large scale
Resources Definition
materials, people, money, and other assets that can be used by a person, organization, or group to function and achieve goals
Western Empires Definition
empires based in the Western Hemisphere
Austria-Hungary Definition
a formerly powerful empire in Central Europe
Boxer Rebellion Definition
an uprising against foreigners in China
British Empire Definition
a global group of lands and colonies run by the government of Great Britain
Citizen Definition
an individual who owes allegiance to a political state
Duty Definition
a type of tax paid on imports
Finance Definition
the management of money, usually large amounts
Legal Jurisdiction Definition
the ability and range of a legal system to enact and enforce laws
Manufactured Goods Definition
something made out of raw materials, with the addition of labor and capital (usually time and money)
Narcotic Definition
an addictive drug that affects mood or behavior; usually sold and used illegally
Opium Definition
a drug created from a specific type of poppy; known for being an addictive narcotic
Rebellion Definition
the act of resisting authority
Ruling Class Definition
the group of people who decides the political direction of a country
Smuggle Definition
illegally taking something into or out of a country
Taiping Rebellion Definition
a rebellion of Chinese people against Western imperialist powers
Treaty of Nanking Definition
the treaty between China and Western imperialist powers that ended the First Opium War
Civil War Period Definition
the years directly after the Treaty of Nanking (1850 – 1878) in China which were full of rebellions
First Opium War Definition
a war fought between China and Great Britain between 1839 to 1842
Imperial Dynasty Definition
a form of governing an empire where the ruler is always the member of the same family
National Economy Definition
an economic system where all of a country’s money circulates in the same national “pot”
Pyrrhic Definition
a type of victory that cost more than it gained
Qing Dynasty Definition
the Manchu dynasty of China (1644–1912 CE) that also marks the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history
Republic of China Definition
a country in East Asia which was based in China from 1912 to 1949
Second Opium War Definition
a war fought between China, France, and Great Britain between 1856 to 1860
Xinhai Revolution Definition
the revolution in 1911 that ended the Qing dynasty and started the Republic of China
Ethnic Minority Definition
a group with a different culture than the majority of people
Nationalism Definition
an ideology that promotes loyalty to a specific nation or power’s interests at the exclusion of other nations or powers’ interests
Russification Definition
a period of time and policies in which non-Russian identities were forced to adopt Russian culture and beliefs
Russify Definition
to make Russian
Edict Emancipation of 1861 Definition
the legislature officially abolishing serfdom in Russia
Emancipation Definition
the process of liberating a group of people under political, economic, or social control
Indentured Servitude Definition
a type of work where someone performs labor for no salary, but to pay back an indenture or loan
Serfdom Definition
the social status of peasants within a society that links peasants to their landlords
Monroe Doctrine Definition
a United States foreign policy goal that opposed European colonialism in Latin America
Panama Canal Definition
a manmade waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean used for trans-Atlantic commerce
Sphere of Influence definition
an area over which a country or government has influence yet no formal authority
Spooner Act Definition
the legislation that allowed United States involvement in the construction of the Panama Canal
“Big Stick” Diplomacy Definition
a United States foreign policy that emphasized the implied threat and strength of military force to achieve foreign policy goals
Dollar Diplomacy Definition
a United States foreign policy that emphasized the use of loan guarantees over military force
Foreign Policy Definition
a government’s objectives and strategies concerning its relationships with other countries
Cede Definition
to give control to
Open Door Policy Definition
a statement issued in 1899 by the U.S. to China declaring that the U.S. had the same equal protection and privileges as other countries trading with China
The Opium Wars Definition
a series of two wars from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 that were fought between China and the Western countries of Great Britain and France over trading privileges
Treaty of Kanagawa Definition
the treaty signed between Japan and the U.S. that opened the door for Japan to end its isolation from the Western world
Treaty of Nanjing Definition
a treaty to end the first Opium War that opened the door to British imperialism; referred to as the “Unequal Treaty” by China
Berlin Act Definition
the official document of the Berlin Conference that outlined the guidelines for the attending 13 European countries to divide Africa and its resources among them
Berlin Conference of 1884 Definition
the conference that formalized the scramble for African colonies by various European nations in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries and led to the partition of Africa between these imperial powers
Decolonization Definition
the action or process of a state withdrawing from a former colony, leaving it independent
Gold Coast Definition
the name given to a collection of western African colonies ruled by British, Portuguese, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish colonizers; present-day Ghana
Partition Definition
a term that means to divide into separate areas, especially regarding the dividing of countries during imperialism
Scramble for Africa Definition
the nickname given to the partitioning of Africa as a result of the Berlin Conference
Battle of Plassey Definition
the battle between the East India Company and the French for control of India in 1757
Boycott Definition
the refusal to purchase products as a form of protest
British Raj Definition
the government of India from 1858 until their independence in 1947
Civil Disobedience Definition
a peaceful form of political protest
Defense of India Act Definition
a law passed in India to prevent revolutionary acts by Germans in India after World War I
East India Company Definition
a trading company of wealthy merchants founded in Britain in 1600 that stripped India of its wealth
House of Commons Definition
the lower house of England’s parliament
Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) Definition
leader of the Indian independence movement
Non-cooperation Movement Definition
a movement in which the Indian people refused to cooperate with the British government
Pacificism Definition
the belief that war and violence is unjustified in all circumstances
Sepoy Definition
an Indian soldier in the British Army during British colonial rule of India
Sikh Definition
a member of the Gurmat faith, which was founded in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent
Ashram Definition
a dwelling or home of someone who lives in religious solitude
Indian National Congress Definition
an Indian political party formed in 1885
Salt Act Definition
a law the British implemented in India that heavily taxed salt and prevented native Indians from manufacturing or selling the mineral
Satyagraha Definition
an act of civil disobedience
