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Honors World History B > Unit 1: Contact, Imperialism, and Colonization > Flashcards

Unit 1: Contact, Imperialism, and Colonization Flashcards

1
Q

Cavalry Definition

A

a group of soldiers who fight on horseback

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2
Q

Commodity Definition

A

a basic good used in trade and production of other goods

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3
Q

Fleet Definition

A

a group of ships traveling together

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4
Q

Lacquerware Definition

A

objects with a decorative lacquer coating

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5
Q

Pastoral Communities Definition

A

societies dependent on herding domesticated animals, often nomadic

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6
Q

Steppes Definition

A

vast, treeless plains in Central Asia

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7
Q

Tributes Definition

A

ritual exchanges to honor leaders, related to foreign relations

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8
Q

Age of Exploration Definition

A

the period in history between the fifteenth century and the eighteenth century during which European explorers traveled throughout the world using new maritime technologies

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9
Q

Astrolabe Definition

A

perhaps developed in Persia in the eleventh century, the device helped mariners determine latitude

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10
Q

Caravel Definition

A

the relatively light, fast-moving ships designed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century, which helped make distant global exploration possible

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11
Q

Lateen Sail Definition

A

a triangular sail that enabled boats to use the gusts from monsoon winds to travel across the Indian Ocean

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12
Q

Magnetic Compass Definition

A

a device that uses cardinal directions and magnetized needles for navigation

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13
Q

Cartography Definition

A

the science and practice of representing a geographical area, such as on a two- dimensional surface like a map

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14
Q

Circumvent Definition

A

going around

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15
Q

Coriolis Effect Definition

A

a moving rotating mass experiences a force perpendicular to the rotation axis and motion direction

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16
Q

Current Definition

A

the flow of water, air, or electricity

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17
Q

Doldrums Definition

A

zones where trade winds meet, and the falling air creates a region of calm winds

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18
Q

Headwind Definition

A

a wind blowing from the front

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19
Q

Oceanic Gyre Definition

A

a large circular system of ocean currents created by the Earth’s rotation and global wind patterns

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20
Q

Rudder Definition

A

a piece of wood or metal with a hinge to move back and forth that is found under the stern (back) of a boat, used to steer

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21
Q

Trade Winds Definition

A

east to west wind currents that blow consistently slightly north and south of the equator

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22
Q

Augustinians Definition

A

Christian order that follows the rule of Saint Augustine

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23
Q

Caliphate Definition

A

Islamic state/empire

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24
Q

Dominicans Definition

A

Christian order that follows the rule of Saint Dominic

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25
Q

Franciscans Definition

A

Christian order that follows the rule of Saint Francis

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26
Q

Levant Definition

A

a historical term used for the Middle East

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27
Q

Mission Definition

A

an organized effort to spread Christianity to foreign lands

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28
Q

Zealotry Definition

A

uncompromising support of religious ideals, almost to the point of fanaticism

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29
Q

Inquisition Definition

A

a series of trials used by the Catholic Church to regulate the faith against heretics and Protestant Reformers (c. fifteenth to nineteenth centuries)

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30
Q

Jesuits Definition

A

a religious order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola opposed to Reformation

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31
Q

Reduction Definition

A

a Portuguese community developed in South America for Indigenous populations to study, learn, and practice Christianity

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32
Q

Religious Order Definition

A

a community of religious individuals who live by a set of beliefs laid out by its founder

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33
Q

Sect Definition

A

a religious, political, or cultural subgroup

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34
Q

Shinto Definition

A

Japan’s Indigenous religion

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35
Q

Spanish Reconquista Definition

A

a series of conflicts that occurred between Muslims from North Africa and Christians in the Iberian Peninsula

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36
Q

Zeal Definition

A

the uncompromising support of religious ideals, almost to the point of fanaticism

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37
Q

Conquistador Definition

A

a Spanish person who came to the western hemisphere with the Spanish Empire to conquer territory and gain profit

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38
Q

Empire Definition

A

a term used to specify when a nation has power over territories outside of its immediate borders

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39
Q

Encomienda Definition

A

a system developed by the Spanish to control land and Indigenous peoples’ labor in the Western Hemisphere in the sixteenth century

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40
Q

Middleman Definition

A

an individual who acts as a go-between for two parties, such as a trader and a buyer

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41
Q

Pope Definition

A

the head of the Roman Catholic Church who also serves as bishop of Rome

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42
Q

Assimilation Definition

A

a policy in which the imperialists force their culture and way of life onto their subjects; it assumes that the way of life of the imperialist is superior to the way of life of the subject

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43
Q

Imperialism Definition

A

the practice of one group of people establishing control over another in a foreign land

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44
Q

Mercantilism Definition

A

a country’s wealth is measured by the amount of gold or silver it has; colonies exist to provide wealth to the controlling country

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45
Q

Nationalism Definition

A

an intense pride in one’s nation

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46
Q

Paternalism Definition

A

an imperialist policy of treating subjects as if they were children and incapable of self-rule

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47
Q

Social Darwinism Definition

A

the misapplication of Charles Darwin’s ideas to people and societies

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48
Q

Direct Rule Definition

A

a form of imperial government in which the foreign power controls all aspects of bureaucracy in a colony

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49
Q

Indirect Rule Definition

A

a form of imperial government in which local people administer the colony under the control of a foreign power

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50
Q

Protectorate Definition

A

a country that is controlled by, but not governed by, another country

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51
Q

Diaspora Definition

A

a mass migration of people from their homeland

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52
Q

Middle Passage Definition

A

the sea journey that transported enslaved people from Africa to the Americas

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53
Q

Transatlantic Trade Network Definition

A

a trade network across the Atlantic Ocean that transported goods between Africa, Europe, and the Americas

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54
Q

Cash Crop Definition

A

a crop, such as sugar, that is grown for profit and production, rather than food

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55
Q

Chattel Slavery Definition

A

the enslaving and owning of human beings and their children; in the system of chattel slavery, people were treated like livestock and families were enslaved for generations

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56
Q

Colonial Plantation Definition

A

a large farm in the colonies generally specializing in one highly profitable crop

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57
Q

Cormantin Definition

A

an area in Ghana well known for its former slave fort, Fort Amsterdam

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58
Q

Jaga Definition

A

a Portuguese term for various tribes of African warriors from lands east of Kongo

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59
Q

Kwaland Definition

A

a region in interior Africa, around Liberia to Nigeria, defined by the peoples who speak languages from the Kwa language family

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60
Q

African Diaspora Definition

A

the assemblage of communities around the world of people who descended from Africa

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61
Q

Flogging Definition

A

whipping

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62
Q

Colonization Definition

A

the process a country takes to control a foreign land and its people for economic gain

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63
Q

Conversion Definition

A

to give up one set of beliefs for another, in terms of religious conversion

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64
Q

Mission Definition

A

a religious organization on a long- term stay providing aid in a foreign country; typically refers to the actual site where the organization is located

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65
Q

Missionary Definition

A

a religious person sent to foreign lands to convert others to their belief system

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66
Q

Smallpox Definition

A

a disease similar to the flu that can result in death; vaccines today prevent it from occurring

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67
Q

Treaty Definition

A

a formal agreement between two countries

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68
Q

Eurocentric Definition

A

a formal agreement between two countries

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69
Q

Hispaniola Definition

A

an island in the Caribbean Sea that includes the modern nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic

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70
Q

Huron Confederacy Definition

A

various indigenous groups living along the St. Lawrence River in Canada who spoke the same language and allied themselves with the French colonists against the English

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71
Q

K’iche’ Definition

A

the Indigenous people of the Mayan Empire who occupied territory in the highlands of Guatemala

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72
Q

New Spain Definition

A

the Spanish Empire in the Americas during the 1500–1700s

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73
Q

The Popol Vuh Definition

A

the mythological book of the K’iche’ people that details their history and religious beliefs

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74
Q

Taino Definition

A

indigenous inhabitants of Haiti and other Caribbean islands

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75
Q

Armada Definition

A

a fleet of warships

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76
Q

Cash Economy Definition

A

the transactions for goods or services that are carried out with the use of currency (opposite of barter)

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77
Q

Commercial Revolution Definition

A

a period of change during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which higher levels of global trade and wealth flowed into European nations and resulted in the creation of new economic, political, and social systems

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78
Q

Globalization Definition

A

the increasing connectedness of people and places throughout the world due to processes that connect economies, politics, and cultures at a global scale and at a pace supported by modern and emerging technologies

79
Q

Inflation Definition

A

an increase in prices and a decrease in the value of money/currency

80
Q

Mercantilism (2) Definition

A

the idea that the government should control trade to benefit the state

81
Q

Minted Definition

A

to make paper currency and metal coins

82
Q

Transatlantic Slave Trade Definition

A

a system of trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe that saw millions of Africans bought, sold, enslaved, and forced to work without pay in New World colonies

83
Q

Capitalism Definition

A

an economic system in which businesses are privately owned and the business owner seeks to make a profit from the business

84
Q

Feudal System Defintion

A

a political, military, and social system based on landownership in which workers do agricultural labor for the landowner in exchange for a portion of their crops and the landowner provides military protection

85
Q

Industrial Revolution Definition

A

the shift from an economy centered on agriculture to an economy centered on mechanized, industrial production

86
Q

Reservation Definition

A

land set aside for a specific use

87
Q

Perspective Definition

A

the outlook or viewpoint of an author or source that includes their experiences, beliefs, and thoughts on a particular topic

88
Q

Values Definition

A

beliefs, ideas, or principles held by a society on what is right or wrong

89
Q

Fact Definition

A

a statement that can be proven true

90
Q

Opinion Definition

A

a person’s feelings that cannot be proven

91
Q

Peer Review Definition

A

an evaluation process for publication in scholarly journals by others in the same field

92
Q

Propaganda Definition

A

the biased or misleading information that is promoted by a particular political ideology with the intent to persuade

93
Q

Creoles Definition

A

the people who have a mix of Black and European ancestry

94
Q

Peninsulares Definition

A

members of the Spanish elite in the Americas who held all important positions of power because they had been born in Spain

95
Q

Social Caste System Definition

A

a system in which status and power in society are strictly defined

96
Q

Bourbon Reforms Definition

A

a series of social and military changes created by the Royal Bourbon family

97
Q

Independence Movement Definition

A

a group of people pushing for their country to be its own sovereign nation

98
Q

Political Administration Definition

A

a country exercising its powers to control its affairs in its government

99
Q

Commercialization Definition

A

the process of managing a certain economic activity in order to make a financial profit

100
Q

Industrialization Definition

A

the process of developing machine production of goods

101
Q

Land Revenue System Definition

A

the system of taxation set up by the British in India to tax farmers

102
Q

Anglo-Zulu War Definition

A

the war fought between the British and the Zulu in 1879

103
Q

Hut Tax Definition

A

a tax placed on Zulu huts based on their size by the British imperial government

104
Q

Reparations Definition

A

compensation for a wrongdoing, often through monetary payment

105
Q

Zulu Wars Definition

A

a series of conflicts between the British and the Zulu throughout the nineteenth century

106
Q

Chancellor Definition

A

a prime minister of the German Republic government

107
Q

Constitution Definition

A

a set of founding principles under which a group of people agrees to be governed

108
Q

Emperor Definition

A

a figurehead and religious leader of Japan

109
Q

Feudal Lords Definition

A

a ruler in a feudal system, in which lower-class people work in the lord’s service

110
Q

Franco-Prussian War Definition

A

a war between France and the states of Germany that lasted from 1870 to 1871

111
Q

Industrialized Definition

A

the process a country goes through to develop machine production of goods

112
Q

Meiji Restoration Definition

A

a political event that restored imperial rule in Japan to the Emperor Meiji; characterized by rapid industrialization and the adoption of Western ideas and methods of production

113
Q

Nation Definition

A

a group of people who see themselves as belonging together because of a shared history, culture, or language

114
Q

Nation-state Definition

A

a combination of a nation and a state

115
Q

North German Confederation Definition

A

an alliance of northern German states

116
Q

Parliament Definition

A

a body of government that makes laws

117
Q

Prime Minister Definition

A

a term for someone who runs a government

118
Q

Prussia Definition

A

a former state in northern Europe

119
Q

State Definition

A

an independent government that rules over an area with clear boundaries

120
Q

Tokugawa Shogunate Definition

A

the military government in Japan founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu; it lasted from 1603 to 1867

121
Q

Unification Definition

A

the process of becoming a whole or one group

122
Q

First Sino-Japanese War Definition

A

a war fought between China and Japan from 1894 to 1895 over control of Korea

123
Q

Foreign Relations Definition

A

the process undertaken by a country when officially interacting with another country

124
Q

Imperialist Definition

A

relating to or supporting imperialism

125
Q

Industrializing Definition

A

the process of undergoing technological advancement on a large scale

126
Q

Resources Definition

A

materials, people, money, and other assets that can be used by a person, organization, or group to function and achieve goals

127
Q

Western Empires Definition

A

empires based in the Western Hemisphere

128
Q

Austria-Hungary Definition

A

a formerly powerful empire in Central Europe

129
Q

Boxer Rebellion Definition

A

an uprising against foreigners in China

130
Q

British Empire Definition

A

a global group of lands and colonies run by the government of Great Britain

131
Q

Citizen Definition

A

an individual who owes allegiance to a political state

132
Q

Duty Definition

A

a type of tax paid on imports

133
Q

Finance Definition

A

the management of money, usually large amounts

134
Q

Legal Jurisdiction Definition

A

the ability and range of a legal system to enact and enforce laws

135
Q

Manufactured Goods Definition

A

something made out of raw materials, with the addition of labor and capital (usually time and money)

136
Q

Narcotic Definition

A

an addictive drug that affects mood or behavior; usually sold and used illegally

137
Q

Opium Definition

A

a drug created from a specific type of poppy; known for being an addictive narcotic

138
Q

Rebellion Definition

A

the act of resisting authority

139
Q

Ruling Class Definition

A

the group of people who decides the political direction of a country

140
Q

Smuggle Definition

A

illegally taking something into or out of a country

141
Q

Taiping Rebellion Definition

A

a rebellion of Chinese people against Western imperialist powers

142
Q

Treaty of Nanking Definition

A

the treaty between China and Western imperialist powers that ended the First Opium War

143
Q

Civil War Period Definition

A

the years directly after the Treaty of Nanking (1850 – 1878) in China which were full of rebellions

144
Q

First Opium War Definition

A

a war fought between China and Great Britain between 1839 to 1842

145
Q

Imperial Dynasty Definition

A

a form of governing an empire where the ruler is always the member of the same family

146
Q

National Economy Definition

A

an economic system where all of a country’s money circulates in the same national “pot”

147
Q

Pyrrhic Definition

A

a type of victory that cost more than it gained

148
Q

Qing Dynasty Definition

A

the Manchu dynasty of China (1644–1912 CE) that also marks the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history

149
Q

Republic of China Definition

A

a country in East Asia which was based in China from 1912 to 1949

150
Q

Second Opium War Definition

A

a war fought between China, France, and Great Britain between 1856 to 1860

151
Q

Xinhai Revolution Definition

A

the revolution in 1911 that ended the Qing dynasty and started the Republic of China

152
Q

Ethnic Minority Definition

A

a group with a different culture than the majority of people

153
Q

Nationalism Definition

A

an ideology that promotes loyalty to a specific nation or power’s interests at the exclusion of other nations or powers’ interests

154
Q

Russification Definition

A

a period of time and policies in which non-Russian identities were forced to adopt Russian culture and beliefs

155
Q

Russify Definition

A

to make Russian

156
Q

Edict Emancipation of 1861 Definition

A

the legislature officially abolishing serfdom in Russia

157
Q

Emancipation Definition

A

the process of liberating a group of people under political, economic, or social control

158
Q

Indentured Servitude Definition

A

a type of work where someone performs labor for no salary, but to pay back an indenture or loan

159
Q

Serfdom Definition

A

the social status of peasants within a society that links peasants to their landlords

160
Q

Monroe Doctrine Definition

A

a United States foreign policy goal that opposed European colonialism in Latin America

161
Q

Panama Canal Definition

A

a manmade waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean used for trans-Atlantic commerce

162
Q

Sphere of Influence definition

A

an area over which a country or government has influence yet no formal authority

162
Q

Spooner Act Definition

A

the legislation that allowed United States involvement in the construction of the Panama Canal

163
Q

“Big Stick” Diplomacy Definition

A

a United States foreign policy that emphasized the implied threat and strength of military force to achieve foreign policy goals

164
Q

Dollar Diplomacy Definition

A

a United States foreign policy that emphasized the use of loan guarantees over military force

165
Q

Foreign Policy Definition

A

a government’s objectives and strategies concerning its relationships with other countries

166
Q

Cede Definition

A

to give control to

167
Q

Open Door Policy Definition

A

a statement issued in 1899 by the U.S. to China declaring that the U.S. had the same equal protection and privileges as other countries trading with China

168
Q

The Opium Wars Definition

A

a series of two wars from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 that were fought between China and the Western countries of Great Britain and France over trading privileges

169
Q

Treaty of Kanagawa Definition

A

the treaty signed between Japan and the U.S. that opened the door for Japan to end its isolation from the Western world

170
Q

Treaty of Nanjing Definition

A

a treaty to end the first Opium War that opened the door to British imperialism; referred to as the “Unequal Treaty” by China

171
Q

Berlin Act Definition

A

the official document of the Berlin Conference that outlined the guidelines for the attending 13 European countries to divide Africa and its resources among them

172
Q

Berlin Conference of 1884 Definition

A

the conference that formalized the scramble for African colonies by various European nations in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries and led to the partition of Africa between these imperial powers

173
Q

Decolonization Definition

A

the action or process of a state withdrawing from a former colony, leaving it independent

174
Q

Gold Coast Definition

A

the name given to a collection of western African colonies ruled by British, Portuguese, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish colonizers; present-day Ghana

175
Q

Partition Definition

A

a term that means to divide into separate areas, especially regarding the dividing of countries during imperialism

176
Q

Scramble for Africa Definition

A

the nickname given to the partitioning of Africa as a result of the Berlin Conference

177
Q

Battle of Plassey Definition

A

the battle between the East India Company and the French for control of India in 1757

178
Q

Boycott Definition

A

the refusal to purchase products as a form of protest

179
Q

British Raj Definition

A

the government of India from 1858 until their independence in 1947

180
Q

Civil Disobedience Definition

A

a peaceful form of political protest

181
Q

Defense of India Act Definition

A

a law passed in India to prevent revolutionary acts by Germans in India after World War I

182
Q

East India Company Definition

A

a trading company of wealthy merchants founded in Britain in 1600 that stripped India of its wealth

183
Q

House of Commons Definition

A

the lower house of England’s parliament

184
Q

Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) Definition

A

leader of the Indian independence movement

185
Q

Non-cooperation Movement Definition

A

a movement in which the Indian people refused to cooperate with the British government

186
Q

Pacificism Definition

A

the belief that war and violence is unjustified in all circumstances

187
Q

Sepoy Definition

A

an Indian soldier in the British Army during British colonial rule of India

188
Q

Sikh Definition

A

a member of the Gurmat faith, which was founded in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent

189
Q

Ashram Definition

A

a dwelling or home of someone who lives in religious solitude

190
Q

Indian National Congress Definition

A

an Indian political party formed in 1885

191
Q

Salt Act Definition

A

a law the British implemented in India that heavily taxed salt and prevented native Indians from manufacturing or selling the mineral

192
Q

Satyagraha Definition

A

an act of civil disobedience

Honors World History B (6 decks)

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