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Honors World History B > Unit 4: Age of Industry > Flashcards

Unit 4: Age of Industry Flashcards

1
Q

Agricultural Revolution Definition

A

the unprecedented increase in farming and livestock breeding that took place in England from the mid-eighteenth century to the late nineteenth century due to increases in labor and land productivity

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2
Q

Enclosures Definition

A

fenced land acquired by wealthy English landowners during the Agricultural Revolution where experimentation with new farming methods led to larger crop yields

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3
Q

Industrial Revolution Definition

A

the shift from an economy centered on agriculture to an economy centered on mechanized, industrial production

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4
Q

Fallow Definition

A

describes land left unseeded for a season to regain its nutrients

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5
Q

Subsistence Farming Definition

A

providing just enough food for the farmer’s family, typically leaving few to no extra crops

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6
Q

James Watt Definition

A

Scottish inventor who improved upon the steam engine, leading to the development of steamboats and railways

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7
Q

Cottage Industry Definition

A

the making of products in homes

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8
Q

Factory System Definition

A

a new mode of production that served as the foundation for the industrial revolution where large numbers of workers were paid an hourly wage, and gathered in one location to use machines for manufacturing

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9
Q

Interchangeable Parts Definition

A

the nearly identical parts of a machine that could work on multiple machines of a similar type

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10
Q

Spinning Jenny Definition

A

a machine invented in the mid-1700s by James Hargreaves that used multiple spindles to spin yarn, making production much faster than what was originally done by hand

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11
Q

Aristocracy Definition

A

the highest class in a society possessing hereditary power through land, titles, or political offices

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12
Q

Bourgeoise Definition

A

the upper-middle-class members of society who benefited from the growth of industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; according to Karl Marx, this class grew in power due to its exploitation of the proletariat

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13
Q

Proletariat Definition

A

a term used by Karl Marx to describe the industrial working class, whom he argued were being exploited by industrial capitalism

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14
Q

Serf Definition

A

a peasant who farms land for a landlord in exchange for protection

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15
Q

Combustion Engine Definition

A

an engine that creates power by burning fuel

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16
Q

Urban Migration Definition

A

the process of people moving from rural areas to cities

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17
Q

Urbanization Definition

A

the movement of people to major centers of population

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18
Q

California Gold Rush Definition

A

the discovery of gold in Sutter’s Mill in Coloma, California, that encouraged people to migrate there to search for gold

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19
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act Definition

A

an act passed by the U.S. federal government in 1882 that restricted Chinese laborers from entering the country

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20
Q

Indentured Servant Definition

A

a worker who willingly enters into a labor agreement that includes the number of years that the worker must work in return for pay, housing, and food

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21
Q

Steam Engine Definition

A

an engine that operates by utilizing steam to move pistons back and forth

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22
Q

Opium Wars Definition

A

the two wars between China during the Qing dynasty and European powers, namely the British, between 1839 and 1842 over the opium trade in China

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23
Q

Capitalism Definition

A

an economic system in which businesses are privately owned and the business owner seeks to make a profit from the business

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24
Q

Communism Definition

A

a movement to create a socioeconomic system structured around common ownership of the means of production and the abolition of social class and the state

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25
Kibbutz Definition
a communal settlement in Israel, typically based on agriculture
26
Marxism Definition
the theory that class conflict would lead to a revolution and ultimately, a classless society in which everyone would own the means of production and have an equal share
27
Protectionism Definition
the use of economic measures, such as tariffs or quotas, to protect a nation’s domestic industry from foreign competition
28
Unionism Definition
the policy or practice of promoting the organization of workers into unions
29
Utopian Socialism Definition
a movement of the industrial era that sought to create an ideal, harmonic way of industrial labor and living, pioneered by figures such as Robert Owen and his experiment at New Lanark Mill in Scotland
30
Luddites Definition
the English workers who destroyed machinery during the nineteenth century in response to the Industrial Revolution
31
Putting-out System Definition
a traditional economic system used in the seventeenth century in which small rural workshops were contracted to create products
32
Tenements Definition
apartment buildings, typically associated with crowded, run-down, or low-quality living conditions
33
Trade Union Definition
an organization of workers who collectively negotiate for better wages, benefits, and working conditions
34
Meiji Restoration Definition
a political event that restored imperial rule in Japan to the Emperor Meiji and was characterized by rapid industrialization and the adoption of Western ideas and methods of production
35
Revolutions of 1848 Definition
in Europe, a series of failed revolts against monarchical power in favor of republican reforms
36
Zaibatsu Definition
a large industrial combine formed by Japanese entrepreneurs in the late nineteenth century
37
Ancien Regime Definition
the political and social system of France before the French Revolution
38
Classical Liberalism Definition
a political and economic philosophy that emphasizes limited government, individual rights, and economic freedom
39
Conservatism Definition
a social and political movement that seeks to preserve traditional institutions
40
Historiography Definition
the study of the methods used by historians to interpret and understand historical events
41
Paris Commune Definition
a short-lived revolutionary government in nineteenth century Paris that supported socialism
42
Investment Definition
a loan of capital to a business with the expectation of getting it back along with a profit
43
Anarchy Definition
the absence of authority
44
Authoritarian Definition
a government that controls virtually everything about a country other than possibly a social organization such as a religion; it is not limited by a constitution, the rule of law, or elections and typically it would be run by one or a few individuals
45
Bauxite Definition
an ore used to make aluminum
46
Capitalism Definition
the system of using existing wealth to make more wealth through the investment of capital in trade or production
47
Collectivism Definition
a social theory that prioritizes the group over each individual within it
48
Command Economy Definition
an economic system in which activity is controlled by a central authority and the means of production are publicly owned
49
Communism Definition
a political ideal based on the theories of Karl Marx believing in public ownership of property and that wages be based more on need than skill
50
Labor Union Definition
a group of workers, often tradespeople, organized to protect their interests
51
Libertarian Definition
a political theory that seeks maximum autonomy and personal freedom
52
Mixed Economy Definition
an economy in which some companies are owned by the government and other companies are not
53
Socialism Definition
an economic theory that advocates for equitable distribution of wealth and the public ownership of key industries
54
Black Market Economy Definition
an economic activity, such as business, that takes place without government permission
55
Industrialization Definition
the process of developing machine production of goods
56
Leninism Definition
the ideology of Marxism interpreted by Vladimir Lenin
57
Marxism Definition
the theory that class conflict would lead to a revolution and ultimately, a classless society in which everyone would own the means of production and have an equal share
58
Proxy Conflict Definition
a conflict that took place during the Cold War between the United States and a party other than the Soviet Union, often as a stand-in for the conflict between the United States and Soviet Union. In these conflicts, although the United States and Soviet Union did not go head-to-head, the ideals underlying the U.S-Soviet conflict were usually at stake, such as capitalism/democracy versus communism.
59
Russian Revolution Definition
the period from about 1917 to 1922 when Russia was in turmoil. During 1917, three separate revolutions occurred: in March, the abdication and murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family; in August, the overthrow of the Duma provisional government; and in October, the Bolshevik’s overthrow of the most recent government. From there, the nation descended into civil war.
60
Socialist Definition
a person or group whose political ideology advocates the working class should control wealth. Most see government control of the economy as the means to this end.
61
Social Service Definition
a government service provided to a community, such as healthcare or education
62
Stalinism Definition
the ideology of Marxism interpreted by Joseph Stalin
63
Totalitarian Definition
a form of government in which the central government has absolute power and existence in the society requires subservience to the state
64
Constitution Definition
a set of agreements under which people in an organization or country agree to be governed
65
Diet Definition
the Japanese parliament
66
Meiji Restoration Definition
a political event that restored imperial rule in Japan to the Emperor Meiji and was characterized by rapid industrialization and the adoption of Western ideas and methods of production
67
Political Party Definition
an organization that organizes candidates around certain viewpoints to run in political elections
68
Captain of Industry Definition
a business leader during the Industrial Revolution who gathered a lot of wealth from industrialization
69
Division of Labor Definition
a key feature of the factory system of the industrial era in which individual workers perform the same task over and over as part of the larger production process, which increased the efficiency of production but was criticized as monotonous by the workers
70
Global Superpower Definition
a nation with a large amount of power and influence on a global scale
71
Factory System Definition
a new mode of production that served as the foundation for the industrial revolution where large numbers of workers were paid an hourly wage, and gathered in one location to use machines for manufacturing
72
Monopoly Definition
a situation where one entity controls all trade or access to trade in a business sector or region

Honors World History B (6 decks)

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