World History Flashcards
lines on the globe used to measure degrees north and south of the equator. Written as 90N or 90S
Latitude
lines on the globe used to measure degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian. Written 180E or 180W
Longitude
line that is considered Longitude 0 degrees and runs through Greenwich, United Kingdom
Prime Meridian
measures half of the globe (for example the Northern and Southern)
Hemispheres
any of the 24 longitudinal zones that divides the earth and determines how standard time is used
Time zones
north to south imaginary line at 180 degrees opposite the Prime Meridian where each calendar day begins
International Date Line
North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica
Continents
historical documents and records that reveal what was happening at a specific time period. they can be something grandiose like the Declaration of Independence, or small like a journal entry, letter, or song from a specific time period
Primary Source Documents
ruled by a king and/or a queen
Monarchy
a form of democracy where representatives represent the people in important decision making
Representative Democracy
ideology of governing a nation in which the leader of the “Republic” is elected by the people and is not hereditary based
Republicanism
a form of government in which a dictator has total control over the lives of its people (ex. Hitler, Stalin)
Totalitarianism
1792-1750 BCE, was the 6th king of the Amorite First Dynasty of Babylon, best known for his famous law code which served as the model for others including the Mosaic Law of the Bible. He was the first ruler to successfully govern all of Mesopotamia, without revolt, following his initial conquest
King Hammurabai
ruled from 605-562 BCE in the area around the Tigris-Euphrates basin, a warrior-king often described as the greatest military leader of the Neo-Babylonian empire. His leadership saw numerous military successes and the construction of building works such as the famous Ishtar Gate.
Nebuchadnezzar
1279-1213 BC, was the greatest pharaoh of the 19th dynasty and one of the most important leaders of ancient Egypt. Known for his exploits at the Battle of Kadesh, his architectural legacy, and for bringing Egypt into its golden age. He was also the subject of a heroic sculpture.
Ramses II
1479-1458 BC, 5th pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, after Sobekneferu. She was considered one of Egypt’s greatest pharaohs; she brought great wealth and artistry to her land. She sponsored one of Egypt’s most successful trading expeditions, bringing back gold, ebony, and incense from a place called Punt (near modern-day Eritrea, a country in Africa)
Hatshepsut
established 2866-1799, father of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Abraham
14th/15th century, led the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt and across the Red Sea, after which they based themselves at Mount Sinai, where he received the 10 Commandments. After 40 years of wandering in the desert, he died on Mount Nebo at the age of 120, within sight of the Promised land.
Moses
1000 BC, was the second and greatest king of Israel, writer of Psalms; slayed Goliath, and expanded Israel into a large kingdom centered in Jerusalem
David
flourished 8th century BCE in Jerusalem; prophet after whom the biblical Book of ____ (his name) is named, he was a significant contributor to Jewish and Christian traditions
Isaiah
4BC-29AD, first century Jewish preacher and religious leader, “Messiah” for Christians
Jesus of Nazareth
spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world. His epistles (letters) have had enormous influence on Christian theology, especially on the relationship between God the Father and Jesus, and on the mystical human relationship with the divine.
Paul the Apostle
722-479 BCE, Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. He established lasting codes of behavior. the four tenets are Rites and Rituals, the Five Relations, Rectification of Names, and Ren.
Confucius
6th century Chinese Philosopher of harmony with nature (“yin” and “yang”), the author of the Laozi later retitled the Tao-Te-Chi translated as “the way of virtue” or “the classic of the way and virtue”
Lao-Tzu
1215-1294, also known by his regnal name Setsen Khan; he was the founder of the Yuan dynasty of China and 5th emperor of the Mongol Empire from 1260-1294
Kublai Khan
Buddhist emperor of India, who tolerated many religious beliefs
Asoka
563-483 BCE, prince-turned holy many who founded Buddhism
Gautama Buddha
522-486 BC, Achaemenid ruler noted for his administrative genius, his great building projects, and his benevolence toward the diverse people under his sovereignty. He led military campaigns in Europe, Greece, and even in the Indus valley, conquering lands and expanding his empire
Darius I “The Great”
6th century BC, he was a prophet and is regarded as the founder of Zoroastrianism, which is arguably the world’s oldest monotheistic faith.
Zoroaster
late 8th century BC, author of “Iliad” and “Odyssey”
Homer
495-429 BC, a Greek politician and general during the Golden Age of Athens; famous for his great building projects. He wanted to establish Athens as the leader of the Greek world and wanted to build an acropolis that represented the city’s glory. He rebuilt many temples on the acropolis that were destroyed by the Persians.
Pericles
428-347 BC, Athenian teacher and philosopher; one of the most important figures of the Ancient Greek world and the entire history of Western thought. In his dialogues he conveyed and expanded on the ideas and techniques of his teacher Socrates
Plato
Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He was taught by Plato and the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy.
Aristotle
a pictorial symbol for a word or phrase
pictograms
the process by which a society or place reaches an advanced stage of social and cultural development and organization, government, economy, communication, etc.
civilization
cradle of civilization
Mesopotamia
2300 BC, got their name from the ancient Sumerian word “Agade”
Akkadian Empire
“The Great King,” most famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states, according to legend, there was once a high priestess who abandoned her son in a river; grew up to be the leader of the Akkads; his conquests led to the creation of the world’s first empire. His empire fell 200 years later, making way for the next empire
Sargon
18th century BCE, the name came from the Akkadian word, “Babilu,” meaning “gateway of the Gods”
Babylonian Empire
one of the most important artifacts from Babylon; it was a set of laws created by the 6th Babylonian king, Hammurabi (a great king who united the people of Babylonia). Trade and agriculture grew, and Babylon became an important trade center.
Code of Hammurabi
900 BCE, named after the Mesopotamian city god, Ashur. They built some of the earliest canals known as “aqueducts,” which brought water from miles away. They had a strong military and were famous for their skills in battle and weaponry. The “Winged Bull” guarded the palace of the kings
Assyrian Empire
600 BCE, after the fall of the Assyrian Empire, this group rose to power again. They were also known for their skills in math and astronomy. They were conquered by the Persian Army led by Alexander the Great
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Most famous king of Neo-Babylonian Empire. He was an active military leader and builder. He built a palace in Babylon with beautiful gardens. “The Hanging Gardens of Babylon” are now one of the wonders of the ancient world.
Nebuchadnezzar II
cuneiform (type of alphabet), they had school in summer, large-scale irrigation, ziggurat (architecture)
Sumerians
Hammurabi-first written code to regulate society; centralized government, taxes
Babylonians
iron smelting
Hittites
more war-siege warfare
Assyrians
new Babylonians, Nebuchadnezzar, astrology, astronomy, Hanging Gardens
Chaldeans
desert-nomads, mountains-pastures, valleys-agriculture; achievements: creation of cities, central government: statesmen, organized religion, social classes begin to develop, art and architecture (Ziggurat), roads, bridges, and irrigation canals, development of agriculture
Mesopotamia
attempted to unify Near East; Zoroastrianism, conquered by Alexander the Great
Persians
first to use alphabetic characters (phonics), made money by trading purple dye
Phoenicians
Abraham, 12 tribes of Israel, Moses freeing the Israelites from Egyptian slavery, monotheistic (worshiped one God)
Hebrews
pyramid that Sumerians and Babylonians had in their region, part of polytheistic worship
Ziggurat
protected by the Himalayans
Hindus Valley
China’s cradle of civilization. Surrounded by mountains, deserts, steppes, and Pacific Ocean
Yellow River
Introduced the idea that all land was property of the crown to dispose of as the King thought fit
William the Conqueror
wrote in Tuscan, “The Divine Comedy,” talking of life in Heaven and Hell and purgatory
Dante
worked with his hands, Sistine Chapel, Pope loved his work, Statue of David
Michelangelo
supported all girls learning to read, dreamed of a perfect society full of equality, working for Henry VIII, wrote “Utopia”
Sir Thomas Moore
loved by the queen, his plays told of the days of Romans and Danish Kings: “Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream”
William Shakespeare
improved the printing techniques of the time and expanded the subject matter they depicted
Albrecht Durerr
Greatest Spanish writer of all time. His most influential work, also regarded as the first modern novel is “Don Quijote.”
Miguel Cervantes
responsible for the “Copernican Revolution.” Contributed to the field of astronomy. He placed the sun at the center of the universe, rather than the earth.
Nicolaus Copernicus
an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier, and author. His book incarnated an ideal of comportment that privileged the court as the foundation of new behavior norms
Baldassare Castiglione
an artist of the Northern Renaissance whose visually engrossing paintings offer a celebration of the common mass of humanity, in contrast to the pious (religious) painting which dominated much Renaissance art of the previous century
Peter Bruegel the Elder
one of the leading activists and thinkers. He wrote letters to the leading statesmen, humanists, printers, and theologians of the first three and a half decades of the 16th century. He helped create an audience for Luther’s writings by popularizing Christian topics, such as how to be a good Christian and how to interpret the Bible.
Desiderius Erasmus
considered the Father of Modern Anatomy, and an authentic representative of the Renaissance. His studies, founded on dissection of human bodies, differed from Galeno, who based his work on dissection of animals, constituted a notable scientific advance
Andreas Vesalius
mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center (heliocentric universe)
Nicolaus Copernicus
astronomer, physicist, and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath. Known as the “father” of observational astronomy, modern physics, the scientific method, and modern science
Galileo Galilei
one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists of all time and among the most influential scientists. He was a key figure in the philosophical revolution known as the Enlightenment. He developed three laws of gravity.
Isaac Newton
everyone has the right to defend your “life, liberty, and possessions.”
John Locke
- Sanctioned by the Pope, Request of Byzantines, Europe Enthralled, travelled to wage a holy war in the Holy Land, 11th century brutal atrocities.
- Council of Clermont Pope Urban made a case to take up the cross on the first battle, Jerusalem’s disgraced, the infidel displaced.
Crusades
Philip, King of France and Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor of Germany, met hard luck (defeat), so Richard made a treat to give the pilgrims peace, captured Antioch in 1098 then Jerusalem formed these states beat by Stalin, it was a total waste.
Crusades
