World History Flashcards
lines on the globe used to measure degrees north and south of the equator. Written as 90N or 90S
Latitude
lines on the globe used to measure degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian. Written 180E or 180W
Longitude
line that is considered Longitude 0 degrees and runs through Greenwich, United Kingdom
Prime Meridian
measures half of the globe (for example the Northern and Southern)
Hemispheres
any of the 24 longitudinal zones that divides the earth and determines how standard time is used
Time zones
north to south imaginary line at 180 degrees opposite the Prime Meridian where each calendar day begins
International Date Line
North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica
Continents
historical documents and records that reveal what was happening at a specific time period. they can be something grandiose like the Declaration of Independence, or small like a journal entry, letter, or song from a specific time period
Primary Source Documents
ruled by a king and/or a queen
Monarchy
a form of democracy where representatives represent the people in important decision making
Representative Democracy
ideology of governing a nation in which the leader of the “Republic” is elected by the people and is not hereditary based
Republicanism
a form of government in which a dictator has total control over the lives of its people (ex. Hitler, Stalin)
Totalitarianism
1792-1750 BCE, was the 6th king of the Amorite First Dynasty of Babylon, best known for his famous law code which served as the model for others including the Mosaic Law of the Bible. He was the first ruler to successfully govern all of Mesopotamia, without revolt, following his initial conquest
King Hammurabai
ruled from 605-562 BCE in the area around the Tigris-Euphrates basin, a warrior-king often described as the greatest military leader of the Neo-Babylonian empire. His leadership saw numerous military successes and the construction of building works such as the famous Ishtar Gate.
Nebuchadnezzar
1279-1213 BC, was the greatest pharaoh of the 19th dynasty and one of the most important leaders of ancient Egypt. Known for his exploits at the Battle of Kadesh, his architectural legacy, and for bringing Egypt into its golden age. He was also the subject of a heroic sculpture.
Ramses II
1479-1458 BC, 5th pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh, after Sobekneferu. She was considered one of Egypt’s greatest pharaohs; she brought great wealth and artistry to her land. She sponsored one of Egypt’s most successful trading expeditions, bringing back gold, ebony, and incense from a place called Punt (near modern-day Eritrea, a country in Africa)
Hatshepsut
established 2866-1799, father of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Abraham
14th/15th century, led the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt and across the Red Sea, after which they based themselves at Mount Sinai, where he received the 10 Commandments. After 40 years of wandering in the desert, he died on Mount Nebo at the age of 120, within sight of the Promised land.
Moses
1000 BC, was the second and greatest king of Israel, writer of Psalms; slayed Goliath, and expanded Israel into a large kingdom centered in Jerusalem
David
flourished 8th century BCE in Jerusalem; prophet after whom the biblical Book of ____ (his name) is named, he was a significant contributor to Jewish and Christian traditions
Isaiah
4BC-29AD, first century Jewish preacher and religious leader, “Messiah” for Christians
Jesus of Nazareth
spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world. His epistles (letters) have had enormous influence on Christian theology, especially on the relationship between God the Father and Jesus, and on the mystical human relationship with the divine.
Paul the Apostle
722-479 BCE, Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. He established lasting codes of behavior. the four tenets are Rites and Rituals, the Five Relations, Rectification of Names, and Ren.
Confucius
6th century Chinese Philosopher of harmony with nature (“yin” and “yang”), the author of the Laozi later retitled the Tao-Te-Chi translated as “the way of virtue” or “the classic of the way and virtue”
Lao-Tzu
1215-1294, also known by his regnal name Setsen Khan; he was the founder of the Yuan dynasty of China and 5th emperor of the Mongol Empire from 1260-1294
Kublai Khan
Buddhist emperor of India, who tolerated many religious beliefs
Asoka
563-483 BCE, prince-turned holy many who founded Buddhism
Gautama Buddha
522-486 BC, Achaemenid ruler noted for his administrative genius, his great building projects, and his benevolence toward the diverse people under his sovereignty. He led military campaigns in Europe, Greece, and even in the Indus valley, conquering lands and expanding his empire
Darius I “The Great”
6th century BC, he was a prophet and is regarded as the founder of Zoroastrianism, which is arguably the world’s oldest monotheistic faith.
Zoroaster
late 8th century BC, author of “Iliad” and “Odyssey”
Homer
495-429 BC, a Greek politician and general during the Golden Age of Athens; famous for his great building projects. He wanted to establish Athens as the leader of the Greek world and wanted to build an acropolis that represented the city’s glory. He rebuilt many temples on the acropolis that were destroyed by the Persians.
Pericles
428-347 BC, Athenian teacher and philosopher; one of the most important figures of the Ancient Greek world and the entire history of Western thought. In his dialogues he conveyed and expanded on the ideas and techniques of his teacher Socrates
Plato
Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He was taught by Plato and the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy.
Aristotle
a pictorial symbol for a word or phrase
pictograms
the process by which a society or place reaches an advanced stage of social and cultural development and organization, government, economy, communication, etc.
civilization
cradle of civilization
Mesopotamia
2300 BC, got their name from the ancient Sumerian word “Agade”
Akkadian Empire
“The Great King,” most famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states, according to legend, there was once a high priestess who abandoned her son in a river; grew up to be the leader of the Akkads; his conquests led to the creation of the world’s first empire. His empire fell 200 years later, making way for the next empire
Sargon
18th century BCE, the name came from the Akkadian word, “Babilu,” meaning “gateway of the Gods”
Babylonian Empire
one of the most important artifacts from Babylon; it was a set of laws created by the 6th Babylonian king, Hammurabi (a great king who united the people of Babylonia). Trade and agriculture grew, and Babylon became an important trade center.
Code of Hammurabi
900 BCE, named after the Mesopotamian city god, Ashur. They built some of the earliest canals known as “aqueducts,” which brought water from miles away. They had a strong military and were famous for their skills in battle and weaponry. The “Winged Bull” guarded the palace of the kings
Assyrian Empire
600 BCE, after the fall of the Assyrian Empire, this group rose to power again. They were also known for their skills in math and astronomy. They were conquered by the Persian Army led by Alexander the Great
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Most famous king of Neo-Babylonian Empire. He was an active military leader and builder. He built a palace in Babylon with beautiful gardens. “The Hanging Gardens of Babylon” are now one of the wonders of the ancient world.
Nebuchadnezzar II
cuneiform (type of alphabet), they had school in summer, large-scale irrigation, ziggurat (architecture)
Sumerians
Hammurabi-first written code to regulate society; centralized government, taxes
Babylonians
iron smelting
Hittites
more war-siege warfare
Assyrians
new Babylonians, Nebuchadnezzar, astrology, astronomy, Hanging Gardens
Chaldeans
desert-nomads, mountains-pastures, valleys-agriculture; achievements: creation of cities, central government: statesmen, organized religion, social classes begin to develop, art and architecture (Ziggurat), roads, bridges, and irrigation canals, development of agriculture
Mesopotamia
attempted to unify Near East; Zoroastrianism, conquered by Alexander the Great
Persians
first to use alphabetic characters (phonics), made money by trading purple dye
Phoenicians
Abraham, 12 tribes of Israel, Moses freeing the Israelites from Egyptian slavery, monotheistic (worshiped one God)
Hebrews
pyramid that Sumerians and Babylonians had in their region, part of polytheistic worship
Ziggurat
protected by the Himalayans
Hindus Valley
China’s cradle of civilization. Surrounded by mountains, deserts, steppes, and Pacific Ocean
Yellow River
Introduced the idea that all land was property of the crown to dispose of as the King thought fit
William the Conqueror
wrote in Tuscan, “The Divine Comedy,” talking of life in Heaven and Hell and purgatory
Dante
worked with his hands, Sistine Chapel, Pope loved his work, Statue of David
Michelangelo
supported all girls learning to read, dreamed of a perfect society full of equality, working for Henry VIII, wrote “Utopia”
Sir Thomas Moore
loved by the queen, his plays told of the days of Romans and Danish Kings: “Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream”
William Shakespeare
improved the printing techniques of the time and expanded the subject matter they depicted
Albrecht Durerr
Greatest Spanish writer of all time. His most influential work, also regarded as the first modern novel is “Don Quijote.”
Miguel Cervantes
responsible for the “Copernican Revolution.” Contributed to the field of astronomy. He placed the sun at the center of the universe, rather than the earth.
Nicolaus Copernicus
an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier, and author. His book incarnated an ideal of comportment that privileged the court as the foundation of new behavior norms
Baldassare Castiglione
an artist of the Northern Renaissance whose visually engrossing paintings offer a celebration of the common mass of humanity, in contrast to the pious (religious) painting which dominated much Renaissance art of the previous century
Peter Bruegel the Elder
one of the leading activists and thinkers. He wrote letters to the leading statesmen, humanists, printers, and theologians of the first three and a half decades of the 16th century. He helped create an audience for Luther’s writings by popularizing Christian topics, such as how to be a good Christian and how to interpret the Bible.
Desiderius Erasmus
considered the Father of Modern Anatomy, and an authentic representative of the Renaissance. His studies, founded on dissection of human bodies, differed from Galeno, who based his work on dissection of animals, constituted a notable scientific advance
Andreas Vesalius
mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center (heliocentric universe)
Nicolaus Copernicus
astronomer, physicist, and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath. Known as the “father” of observational astronomy, modern physics, the scientific method, and modern science
Galileo Galilei
one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists of all time and among the most influential scientists. He was a key figure in the philosophical revolution known as the Enlightenment. He developed three laws of gravity.
Isaac Newton
everyone has the right to defend your “life, liberty, and possessions.”
John Locke
- Sanctioned by the Pope, Request of Byzantines, Europe Enthralled, travelled to wage a holy war in the Holy Land, 11th century brutal atrocities.
- Council of Clermont Pope Urban made a case to take up the cross on the first battle, Jerusalem’s disgraced, the infidel displaced.
Crusades
Philip, King of France and Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor of Germany, met hard luck (defeat), so Richard made a treat to give the pilgrims peace, captured Antioch in 1098 then Jerusalem formed these states beat by Stalin, it was a total waste.
Crusades
Peasant boys on the Children’s battle getting caught by pirates in Marseille. The Knights Templar had extreme dreams. They slaughtered all they could; did it all for God. Europeans brought new products back such as spices and food. They wanted to find a new trade route.
Crusades
- Hindus Valley protected by the Himalayans
- Catastrophic event of some kind wiped out civilization
Ancient India
- Achieved a great level of civilization, such as running water, architecture, patios, baths, some type of writing.
- 4th century BC: Alexander the Great was stopped here
Ancient India
- 2500 BC-AD 1600
- Yellow River: China’s cradle of civilization. Surrounded by mountains, deserts, steppes, and Pacific Ocean.
- Repeated invasions by Mongols: established Silk Road Trade
Ancient Chinese
- Several voyages of exploration under Ming Dynasty
- Arrival of foreign merchants, Marco Polo, and Christian missionaries
- Invented paper and writing system
Ancient Chinese
- organized from the beginning stages called the Neolithic Age to the Hellenistic Period, between the conquest of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great and the establishment of the Roman Empire
- Armies of King Philip of Macedonia, Greek army ran defeated at the Battle of Chaeronea
Ancient Greece (Macedonia)
- Ended all the great city-states: Athens, Sparta, Thebes. Alexander tried to unite all to fight Persians in Asia Minor.
- Conquered Egypt, Palestine, and Syria led by Alexander of Macedonia. Beat the Persian infantry at Battle of Gaugamela.
Ancient Greece (Macedonia)
- 3000-323 BC
- Conquering the east and west spreading culture and their beliefs, architectures out to India and Asia. Hellenistic legacy, Greek ideas spread throughout Macedonia. Alex died and there were four kingdoms: Egypt, Syria, Pergamum, and Macedonia.
Ancient Greece (Macedonia)
Physical setting:
1. The Balkan Peninsula and surrounding islands
2. Mountainous and isolated city states
3. Navigation and trade
Ancient Greece (Macedonia)
Physical setting:
1. Few natural resources- they began looking for food in other places, set up colonies, and traded for goods in other areas
2. Founding of colonies
Ancient Greece (Macedonia)
- Minoans (“minnow”)
- Mycenaeans
- Dorians (loud)
- Ionians (dumb)
Aegean Civilization during Ancient Greece
- City-states: Athens and Sparta
- Citizens and slave; no status for women
- The Age of Pericles (General)
- The Persian Wars
- The Peloponnesian War (Spartans thought Athens was too powerful)
Hellenistic Period of Ancient Greece
- Philip of Macedonia (his son god all the fame)
- Alexander the Great
- Empire building
Hellenistic Age of Ancient Greece
Achievements:
1. Independent city states
2. Democracy: The Agora (don’t be afraid of the voting area)
3. Arts, philosophy, science, religion, architecture, mathematics
4. Athletics: Olympic Games
Ancient Greece (Macedonia)
a dictator who defeated Pompey. He met Cleopatra and wanted to make her his wife. March 15, the Ides Assassinated and stabbed 23 times.
Julius Caesar
“Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori” (It is a sweet and seemly thing to die for one’s country)
Horace
“Veni, vidi, vici.” (I came, I saw, I conquered)
Julius Caesar
“Silent enim leges inter arma” (Laws are silent in the time of war)
Cicero
Early Roman citizens were referred to as
Latins
800 BC- AD 476
Ancient Rome
Physical Setting:
1. The Italian Peninsula and the Mediterranean Sea
2. Early settlement: seven rivers named after the original seven tribes
3. Navigable rivers
4. Mountains and hills
Ancient Rome
The Republic:
1. The Latin tribe
2. Social classes: patricians, plebeians, and slaves
3. Government: Consuls, Senate, and Centurial Assembly (what California’s government is based on)
Ancient Rome
The Republic:
1. The Army (powerful)
2. The Punic Wars (Carthage: modern-day Tripoli was major rival)
3. Economic Decline (it was just too big)
4. Caesar (44 BC)
Ancient Rome
- Augustus (27 BC) and Pax Romana (are you relaxed at the Italian restaurant?)
- Decline of the empire
- Constantine: creation of the eastern empire
- Rise of Christianity
The Roman Empire
Achievements:
1. Legal system
2. Architecture; buildings and monuments (the Coliseum)
3. Engineering: roads and aqueducts
4. Arts, philosophy, science, religion, and humanities
Ancient Rome
studied flights of birds, famous painter, anatomy (known as the Renaissance man for his many talents)
Leonardo da Vinci
AD 500-1500
The Middle Ages
- The Dark Ages (being “in the dark”): period of decline after the destruction of Rome (500-800 AD)
- The Franks became the dominant Germanic tribe (Beans and Franks)
- The Carolingian Rule (800-1000 AD) Pepin and his son Charles, Charlemagne
- Viking Invasions
Beginning of the Middle Ages
- Feudalism: feuds over land; dominated by the landed nobility
- Manorialism (“Welcome to Selby Manor”): agricultural organization and economy foundation of feudalism
Society in the Middle Ages
- Development of nation states
- The Norman Conquest (1066) of England (against “Anglo” Saxons)
- The Reconquista of Spain and Portugal (Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabelle)
- The Holy Roman Empire
The Later Middle Ages
- Strict class division: clergy and nobility, peasants and artisans, and serf
- Decline of feudalism and manorial system
- Commercial revival and the rise of towns
Characteristics of Medieval Civilization
- The crusades
- Liberal arts education: universities, theology, and Latin (moving away from “being in the dark”)
Characteristics of Medieval Civilization
- Characterized by feudal lords with allegiance to an “all powerful” emperor
- Silk Road (two-way trade)
- Confucianism: religion based on cult of the ancestors (Fortune cookies): Paternalistic authority
- Ethical code of conduct
Chinese Medieval Society
- Chains of islands: archipelago with temperate climate and rainfall
- Mountainous, fertile soil good for rice cultivation
- Sea provided isolation and food (good and bad)
Japanese Medieval Society
- Adapted Chinese writing and Confucian ideas of family and ancestor worship
- Maintained Shinto, Taoist, and Buddhist religious beliefs
- Samurai, warrior knights, gained power by 1100’s
Japanese Medieval Society
- Tokugawa shoguns (emperors) began centralized feudalism, banned foreign travel and trade (1400’s)
- Commodore Perry opened ports to American trade (1853)
- Meiji Restoration (1863) transformed Japan into a modern nation (gave peasants access to their land)
Japanese Medieval Society
Eastern Roman Empire is also known as
The Byzantine Civilization
Physical Environment:
1. Establishment of Constantinople (the capital): Constantine is the leader of the Roman Empire and it divides into two parts. He converts to Christianity because of his mother.
2. Strategically located: defensible borders and world trade
Byzantine Civilization
- Economic prosperity based on commercial trade route and monopoly of silk trade (good customer service)
- Use of diplomacy to avoid invasions
- Codification of Roman Law (made things fair)
- Constantinople was a fortress city
Growth of the Byzantine Empire
- Geographic proximity to Arabs, Slavs, and Turks
- Loss of trade to Italians
- Religious controversy with West (Roman Catholic Church) v. East (Orthodox Church) which led to religious split
- Sack of Constantinople by 4th Crusade
- Fall of Constantinople
Decline of the Byzantine Empire
Achievements:
1. Preserved Greco-Roman Civilization
2. Spread civilization to Eastern Europe
3. Preserved Eastern Orthodox Church
4. Conversion of Constantine (AD 313)
5. Economic strength based on stability of money economy
Byzantine Civilization
AD 33- 1500
Christianity
- Teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
- The Apostles (those that were with Jesus)
Christianity
- Compassion for the poor and downtrodden
- Emphasis on the Holy Bible, sacraments, and moral life
Basic Doctrines of Christianity
- Paul the Apostle: spread of theology (was named “Saul” and has been persecuting this group. He eventually writes most of the New Testament)
- St. Augustine: first philosopher of this faith: “Confessions” and “The City of God”
Basic Doctrines of Christianity
- Individual conviction and solidarity
- Efficiency and organization (letters in New Testament were to help the budding churches)
- Stress on equality and immortality
- Conversion of Constantine AD 313 (Golden Ticket Answer)
- Became official religion
- Supremacy of the pope
Reasons for the spread of Christianity
- Moslem Civilization
AD 632-1031
Islam
Physical environment:
1. Located in the Arabian Peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
2. Southwestern area: some valleys; the rest arid plains and deserts
3. Original population: Bedouin nomad tribes under the leadership of a sheikh
Islam
Origins and beliefs:
1. Founded by Muhammad (AD 570-632): an angel appeared to him in a cave and revealed the Koran
2. Development of Monotheism (Allah) and submission to the Will of God
3. Medina Compact: oath of loyalty to the Islamic community and creation of the Islamic state, culture, and religion
4. The Koran: center for conduct
Islam
- Declaration of Faith (No God but Allah)
- Obligatory Prayer (daily prayer, five times toward Mecca)
- Fasting during Ramadan
- Hajj-pilgrimage to Mecca
- Compulsory giving (giving alms; charity)
Five Pillars of Islam
government was a theocracy based on _____ law
Islamic
Expansion:
1. Economy was based on Moslem control of Near East trade routes
2. Military expansion served as vehicle for cultural exchange between the Arab and western worlds
3. Expansion included most of the Byzantine Empire, Persia, North Africa, and Spain
Islam
Expansion:
1. The Battle of Tours (AD 732) halted Moslem expansion in Europe
2. Moslem Spain lasted from AD 711-1031
Islam
- Norman invasion of Britain 1066-end of Wars of the Roses in 1485 England
- Moved from agricultural society to a society on threshold of creating an empire
- Feudal system: came of age under William the Conqueror
Medieval Britain
- William the Conqueror: introduced idea that all land was property of the crown to dispose of as the King thought fit
- The king’s supporters were bound to pay rent and offer their services when required, usually meant supplying a certain number of armed Knights in time of war
Medieval Britain
- The Lords rented their land to tenant farmers under similar conditions. They were known as serfs or villains and their lives were overshadowed by extreme hardship.
- A serf was effectively the property of the lord for whom he worked. He was not allowed to leave the land and go where he wished. If he tried to leave, he would be brought back and punished.
- He could only marry with the permission of the lord; same goes for his son or daughter if they wished to marry.
- When a serf died, an heir had to pay a tax to the lord before he could continue to farm. Serf was expected to spend three days working on the land of his Lord as a service rendered in lieu of rent.
Medieval Britain
1350-1600
Renaissance
Origins:
1. It began in Italy in the 14th century
2. Conflicts between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire
3. The Crusades (religious wars)
Renaissance
Origins:
1. Important influence on the heritage of Greek and Roman civilizations
2. Move toward secularization (separate from religion)
Renaissance
New Secular Trends:
1. Literature and philosophy
2. Humanism: stress on individual (it’s all about ME)
3. Machiavelli’s “The Prince” as political philosophy: how should a leader rule
4. Influence of classical arts
Renaissance
wrote “The Prince”
Niccolo Machiavelli
Characteristics:
1. Emphasis on man rather than God
2. Rebirth of classical models
3. Ideal of the “universal man”
4. Leonardo da Vinci (painter, inventor, military/weapons costume designer)
Renaissance
- 1530-1600
- The Printing Press allowed ideas to be spread rapidly
- Europe divided into Protestant North and Catholic South
The Reformation
In 1545, the Pope called for a meeting where the official teachings of the church and strict rules of behavior will define a group known as the Jesuits. They launched a fervent missionary effort to reclaim the former members of the Catholic Church. The Jesuits strongly believed in education and established many schools and universities across Europe.
The Council of Trent
Reasons:
1. Dissatisfaction with church ritual and Latin overtones
2. Influence of humanism: emphasis on man’s needs and concerns
3. Printing Press being invented
4. The sale of indulgences (money paying to have sin forgiven) by the church
Reasons for the Reformation
- Luther’s “95 Theses” served as a catalyst in starting the Reformation
- The Peace of Augsburg (1555) officially recognized Lutheranism but allowed the Catholic princes to support Catholicism
Causes and Results of the Reformation
- Calvinism made Protestantism (protesting the Catholic Church) an international movement
- The doctrine of predestination central to Calvinist belief
- Calvinism became an anti-Catholic Movement
Other Protestant Movements
- The Act of Supremacy (1534) was the beginning of the English Reformation
- The King of England (Henry VIII) became the head of the church
- Queen Elizabeth I established the Anglican Church (the church that the American colonists came from)
Other Protestant Movements
- Attempted to halt the spread of Protestantism
- The Jesuits became the official Catholic response to the Reformation: initiated missionary and educational programs (connection to California)
- The Council of Trent (1545-63) defined the doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal authority
The Counter Reformation
- Establishment of modern nationalism
- Strengthening of the authority of the state
- Strengthening of the middle class
Effects of the Reformation
- Also known as the “Age of Reason”
- Focusing on the ideals of the scientific reformation “being enlightened”
- John Locke: everyone has the right to defend your “life, liberty, and possessions.”
Enlightenment
- Conquered large empire in Mexico (1300’s-1400’s)
- Expanded Mayan system of hydraulic agriculture: drained swamps, created artificial islands
- Waged war for tribute and victims for sacrifices
- Warrior emperor chosen by nobles and priests
- Measured time: calendar
Aztec/Mesoamerica
- Polytheistic religion, built temples and pyramids to the sun
- Limited technology: no metal weapons
- Montezuma believed Cortes was Quetzalcoatl (war god)
- Spanish attacked; smallpox, influenza, and measles contributed to Aztec defeat
Aztec/Mesoamerica
- Children of the sun: coastal area of Peru and Chile, Andean highlands from Ecuador to Bolivia
- Terraced slopes and advanced engineering for agriculture
- Resettlement of population and system of roads to unify diverse peoples
- Common language
Inca/Andean Highland
- A true theocracy: God king with absolute power
- Worshiped god “Inti” (sun); mummies wrapped in tapestries
- Surgery, metal work, astronomy, geometry, and geography, surveying and mapping; bookkeeping (used quipu-device of cords and knots), granaries to store for personal use and the needy
- Civil War: 1532 Spanish arrived
Inca/Andean Highland
- AD 250-900
- Called the Greeks of new world
- Highly developed art, sculpted glyphs, and carvings
- Written language and numerals
- Advanced astronomy, solar calendar, pyramids, and temples
- War and human sacrifices
- Disappeared around AD 900
Maya of Coastal Mexico
- From 3100 BC-332 BC, this place was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world
- Great pyramids in Old Kingdom through military conquests of the New Kingdom, this place created a study of its own: Egyptology
Ancient Egypt
- Sources of info about this place are the monuments, objects, and artifacts that have been recovered from archeological sites, covered in hieroglyphs that have only recently been deciphered
- Culture with few equals in the beauty of its arts, accomplishments of its architecture or richness of its religious traditions
Ancient Egypt
- 5000 BC-3100 BC
- Few written records or artifacts found from this period
- During the rules of Akhenaton, his wife Nefertiti played an important political and religious role in the monotheistic cult of the sun god Aton. Images and sculptures of Nefertiti depict her famous beauty and role as a living goddess of fertility
Predynastic Period Ancient Egypt
- Neolithic (late Stone Age) communities in NE Africa exchanged hunting for agriculture and made early advances that paved the way for the later development of Egyptian arts and crafts, technology, politics, religion
- 3400 BC two separate kingdoms were established near the Fertile Crescent
Predynastic Period Ancient Egypt
- Fertile Crescent: home to some of the world’s oldest civilizations: The Red Land to the north based in the Nile River Delta, extending along Nile to Atfih; and the White Land in the south, stretching from Atfih to Gebel es-Silsila
- Southern king, Scorpion made first attempts to conquer northern kingdom around 3200 BC
- A century later, King Menes subdued the north and unified the country, becoming the first king of the first dynasty
Predynastic Period Ancient Egypt
- 3100 BC-2686 BC
- King Menes founded the capital of ancient Egypt at White Walls (later known as Memphis) in the north, near apex of Nile River delta
- Capital grew into great metropolis that dominated Egyptian society during the Old Kingdom period
Archaic (Early Dynastic) Period Ancient Egypt
- This period saw the development of the foundations of Egyptian society, including the all-important ideology of kingship
- To the ancient Egyptians, the king was a godlike being, closely identified with the all-powerful god Horus
- Earliest known hieroglyphic writing dates to this period
Archaic (Early Dynastic) Period Ancient Egypt
- In this period, most ancient Egyptians were farmers living in small villages, and agriculture (mostly wheat and barley) formed the economic base of the Egyptian state
- Annual flooding of the great Nile River provided the necessary irrigation and fertilization each year
- Farmers sowed the wheat after the flooding receded and harvested it before the season of high temperatures and drought returned
Archaic (Early Dynastic) Period Ancient Egypt
- 2686-2181 BC
- Old Kingdom began with the 3rd dynasty of pharaohs. Around 2630 BC, the third dynasty’s King Djoser asked Imhotep, an architect, priest, and healer to design a funerary monument for him; the rest was the world’s first major stone building, the Step-Pyramid at Saqqara, near Memphis
Old Kingdom: Age of the Pyramid Builders Ancient Egypt
- Egyptian pyramid-building reached its zenith with the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo
- Built for Khufu (or Cheops in Greek) who ruled from 2589-2566 BC. The pyramid was later named by classical historians as one of the 7 wonders of the world
Old Kingdom: Age of the Pyramid Builders Ancient Egypt
- Ancient Greek historian Herodotus estimated that it took 100,000 men 20 years to build it
- Two other pyramids were built at Giza for Khufu’s successors Khafra (2558-2532 BC) and Menkaura (2532-2503 BC)
Old Kingdom: Age of the Pyramid Builders Ancient Egypt
- 2181-2055 BC
- 7th and 8th dynasties consisted of a rapid succession of Memphis-based rulers until about 2160 BC, when the central authority completely dissolved, leading to civil war between the provincial governors. The chaotic situation was intensified by Bedouin invasions and accompanied by famine and disease
First Intermediate Period Ancient Egypt
- This resulted in 2 kingdoms: a line of 17 rulers (dynasties 9 and 10) based in Heracleopolis ruled Middle Egypt between Memphis and Thebes, while another family of rulers arose in Thebes to challenge Heracelopolitan power
- Around 2055 BC, the Theban prince Mentuhotep managed to topple Heracleopolis and reunited Egypt, beginning the 11th dynasty and ending the first intermediate period
First Intermediate Period Ancient Egypt
- 2055-1786 BC
- After ruler of 11th dynasty, Mentuhotep IV was assassinated, the throne passed to his vizier/chief minister who became King Amenemhet I, founder of dynasty 12
- New capital was established at It-towy, south of Memphis, while Thebes remained a great religious center
Middle Kingdom: 12th Dynasty Ancient Egypt
- During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt was again flourished, as it had during the Old Kingdom
- 12th dynasty, kings ensured the smooth succession of their line by making each successor co-regent, a custom that began with Amenemhet I
- Pursued an aggressive foreign policy, colonizing Nubia (with its rich supply of gold, ebony, ivory, and other resources) and repelling the Bedouins who had infiltrated Egypt during the First Intermediate Period
Middle Kingdom: 12th Dynasty Ancient Egypt
Kingdom also built diplomatic and trade relations with Syria, Palestine, and other countries; undertook building projects including military fortresses and mining quarries; and returned to pyramid-building in the tradition of the Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom: 12th Dynasty Ancient Egypt
It reached its peak under Amenemhet III (1842-1797); its decline began under Amenemhet IV (1798-1790 BC) and continued under his sister and regent Queen Sobekneferu (1789-1786 BC): the first confirmed female ruler of Egypt and the last ruler of the 12th dynasty
Middle Kingdom: 12th Dynasty Ancient Egypt
- 1786-1567 BC
- 13th dynasty marked the beginning of unsettled period in Egyptian history, during which a rapid succession of kings failed to consolidate power. During this period, Egypt was divided into several spheres of influence. The official royal court and seat of government was relocated to Thebes, while a rival dynasty (the 14th) centered on the city of Xois in the Nile delta; existed same time as the 13th
Second Intermediate Period Ancient Egypt
- 1650 BC, line of foreign rulers known as the Hyksos took advantage of Egypt’s instability to take control. Hyksos rulers of the 15th dynasty adopted and continued many of the existing Egyptian traditions in government as well as culture
- Hyksos ruled concurrently with the line of native Theban rulers of the 17th dynasty, who retained control over most of Southern Egypt despite having to pay taxes to the Hyksos
Second Intermediate Period Ancient Egypt
- 16th dynasty is variously believed to be Theban or Hyksos rulers
- Conflict eventually flared between the two groups, and Thebans launched a war against the Hyksos around 1570 BC, driving them out of Egypt
Second Intermediate Period Ancient Egypt
- 1567-1085 BC
- Under Ahmose I, first king of the 18th dynasty, Egypt was once again reunited
- During the 18th dynasty, Egypt restored its control over Nubia and began military campaigns in Palestine, clashing with other powers in the area such as the Mitannians and the Hittites
New Kingdom Ancient Egypt
- Country went on to establish world’s first great empire, stretching from Nubia to the Euphrates River in Asia
- In addition to powerful kings such as Amenhotep (1546-1526), Thutmose I (1525-1512 BC) and Amenhotep III (1417-1379 BC), this place was notable for the rule of royal women such as Queen Hatshepsut (1503-1482), who began ruling as regent for her young stepson (he later became Thutmose III, Egypt’s greatest military hero) but rose to wield all the powers of a pharaoh
New Kingdom Ancient Egypt
Controversial Amenhotep IV (1379-1362) of late 18th dynasty, undertook a religious revolution, disbanding the priesthoods dedicated to Amon-Re (combination of the local Theban god Amon and the sun god Re) and forcing the exclusive worship of another sun-god, Aton. Renaming himself Akhenaton (servant of the Aton) he built a new capital in Middle Egypt called Akhetaton, later known as Amarna. Upon his death, the capital returned to Thebes and Egyptians returned to worshiping a multitude of gods. The 19th and 20th dynasties, known as the Ramesside period (for the line of kings named Ramses) saw the restoration of the weakened Egyptian empire and an impressive amount of building, including great temples and cities. According to biblical chronology, the exodus of Moses and the Israelites from Egypt possibly occurred during the reign of Ramses II (1304-1237 BC)
New Kingdom Ancient Egypt
- 1085-664 BC
- Important changes in Egyptian politics, society, and culture
- Centralized government under 21st dynasty pharaohs gave way to the resurgence of local officials, while foreigners from Libya and Nubia grabbed power for themselves and left a lasting imprint on Egypt’s population
- 22nd dynasty began around 945 BC with King Sheshonq, a descendant of Libyans who had invaded Egypt during the late 20th dynasty and settled there
- Many local rulers virtually autonomous during this period and dynasties 23-24 are poorly documented
Third Intermediate Period Ancient Egypt
- 8th century BC, Nubian pharaohs beginning with Shabako, ruler of Nubian kingdom of Kush established their own dynasty: the 25th at Thebes
- Under Kushite rule, Egypt clashed with the growing Assyrian empire
- In 671 BC, the Assyrian ruler Esarhaddon drove the Kushite king Taharka out of Memphis and destroyed the city; he then appointed his own rulers out of local governors and officials loyal to the Assyrians
- One of them, Necho of Sais, ruled briefly as the first king of the 26th dynasty before being killed by the Kushite leader Tanuatamun, in a final unsuccessful grab for power
Third Intermediate Period Ancient Egypt
- 664-332 BC
- Beginning with Necho’s son, Psammetichus, the Saite dynasty ruled a reunified Egypt for less than two centuries
- In 525 Bc, Cambyses, king of Persia defeated Psammetichus III, the last Saite king at the Battle of Pelusium and Egypt became a part of the Persian Empire
Late Period to Alexander’s Conquest Ancient Egypt
- Persian rulers such as Darius (522-485 BC) ruled the country largely under the same terms as native Egyptian kings; Darius supported Egypt’s religious cults and undertook the building and restoration of its temples
- The tyrannical rule of Xerxes (486-465 BC) sparked increased uprisings under him and his successors
- One of these rebellions triumphed in 404 BC, beginning one last period of Egyptian independence under native rulers (dynasties 28-30)
Late Period to Alexander’s Conquest Ancient Egypt
- In mid-fourth century BC, Persians again attacked Egypt, reviving their empire under Ataxerxes III in 343 BC
- A decade later in 332 BC, Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated the armies of the Persian Empire and conquered Egypt
- After Alexander’s death, Egypt was ruled by a line of Macedonian kings, beginning with Alexander’s general Ptolemy and continuing with his descendants
Late Period to Alexander’s Conquest Ancient Egypt
- The last ruler of Ptolematic Egypt was the legendary Cleopatra VII: surrendered Egypt to the armies of Octavian (later Augustus in 31 BC)
- Six centuries of Roman rule followed, during with Christianity became the official religion of Rome and the Roman Empires provinces (including Egypt)
- The conquest of Egypt by the Arabs in the 7th century AD and the introduction of Islam would do away with the last outward aspects of ancient Egyptian culture and propel the country towards its modern incarnation
Egypt
Late Period to Alexander’s Conquest Ancient Egypt
- 3000 BC-AD 100
- Nile River
- Defensible borders
Physical Setting of Ancient Egypt
- Different social classes
- Pharaohs
- Nobility and priests
- Farmers and artisans
- Peasants and slaves
Social Organization of Ancient Egypt
- Building of cities
- Architecture: pyramids
- Writing: hieroglyphics, papyrus
- Calendar (lunar), plow
- Number system (base 10)
- Geometry
- Medicine
Achievements of Ancient Egypt
- Polytheism
- Pharaoh worship
- Belief in afterlife
- Scribes (keeping tax records and kept record of stories)
Education and Religion during Ancient Egypt
- Civilization also based on availability of water from the Nile
- Trade with Egypt and neighboring kingdoms, based on gold, salt, and agricultural products
- Innovators for trade (created a sophisticated system of exchange)
Kush
