RICA Flashcards
characterized by the strategic selection of what skills should be taught, given a child’s level of reading development. More time is devoted to some categories of skills, and less time to others.
Balanced instructional program in reading
one that is structured so all grade-level standards are covered, rather than overemphasizing one area of reading development
Comprehensive reading program
when the teacher works on helping students achieve all the grade-level standards. All of the following are part of reading instruction: word analysis, fluency, and systematic vocabulary development; reading comprehension; literary response and analysis; writing strategies and writing applications; written and oral English-language conventions; listening and speaking strategies; and speaking applications. This should include many opportunities for students to read and write.
Comprehensive instructional program
something that a reader does automatically (with automaticity). The ability to decode; for example, knowing that the c in cake is hard, and makes the /k/ sound, whereas the c in city is soft, and makes the /s/ sound.
Skill
something a reader consciously chooses to implement. Ex: a reader may want to get an overview of a chapter in a social studies textbook, so he or she previews the chapter by reading the first paragraph, all the subtitles, and the chapter summary.
Strategy
the process of helping a child catch up and learn what his or her classmates have already mastered.
Remediation
remedial programs that focus on our youngest readers who are having difficulty.
Early intervention programs
organized for each month
Long-term planning
covers a briefer time span, such as a week or two
Short-term planning
the temporary support provided to a student to help the student master a new or complex task. They are usually explanations or corrective feedback provided by the teacher, but they may also be provided by texts, charts, diagrams, or illustrations. They are temporary; eventually the child is expected to successfully complete the task without help. Two levels: 1) initial lessons 2) small-group or individualized lessons for students having difficulty
Scaffold
feature, at each grade level, the following components: a teacher’s manual, a student text (called a basal or a reader), student workbooks and/or reproducible worksheets, supplemental books, CDs with additional resources, and a package of assessment tools. The program must have resources to help English Learners, Struggling Readers, and Advanced Learners. They must have support materials for Struggling Readers that provide 30 additional minutes of instruction, and lesson plans for this additional instruction must be included in the teacher’s edition and student materials.
Basal reading programs
experience a small level of difficulty in achieving standards. Differentiated instruction for these students does not involve separate resources. Usually, a small amount of extra help using the basal reading program will allow students to acquire the knowledge and skills they need
Benchmark groups
consist of students who are one or two years behind their peers. Simply reteaching from the basal reader will not work for these students. Teachers need to plan special lessons and use additional resources. Specially trained tutors may help.
Strategic groups
need considerable help. They are often more than two years behind. Many will be in special education programs. Lessons for children in this group will have the highest level of differentiation, using special resources. Almost all lessons will have a slower pace. Lessons will be designed so that complex skills and complicated knowledge will be broken down into more manageable “chunks.”
Intensive group
the teacher provides students with what they need to acquire the knowledge and skills they are expected to learn. This involves direct, explicit instruction by the teacher. The teacher will usually model what the students are expected to do. They may also show a video, invite a guest to talk, or invite an expert student to model something
Presentation
the child chooses what he or she will read
Self-selected
the child reads the book with no externally imposed deadline
Self-paced
a student selects a book and turns to a page in the middle of the book. The page must have at least 50 words on it. The child reads that page, putting one finger up each time he or she comes to a word they cannot pronounce. If the child has five fingers up before coming to the end of the page, it is time to wave goodbye to the book and select something easier.
Five fingers test
a survey of student reading behavior; given orally to younger children; older students can write their answers on the inventory itself. Two types of questions 1) those that try to determine to what extent the child values reading as a recreational activity 2) those that try to determine the child’s reading preferences. Example questions: Who is your favorite author? Which of the following types of books do you like to read? How much time do you spend reading books at home?
Reading interest inventory
implemented prior to instruction to determine which students possess prerequisite skills and knowledge. They are also used to determine which students have mastered the skills that are going to be taught.
Entry-level assessment
take place during an instructional unit. These assessments tell the teacher which students are making adequate progress toward achieving the target standard.
Monitoring of progress assessments
determine which students have achieved the target standard. They measure student achievement of a single standard or given quarterly, midyear, or at the end of the year, measure achievement of many standards.
Summative assessments
if the results yield consistent scores across administrations
Reliability
if a test measures what it claims to measure
Validity