Non-Written/Written Communication Flashcards
Noun/pronoun performing the actions
Subject
Action being performed
Verb
Noun/pronoun receiving the action
Object
- Passive Voice: No subject/object serving as subject (the ball was hit vs. the bat hit the ball)
- Incomplete thought: Because the ball was hit
Common problems with sentence structure include:
- contain a subject and verb
- Can be a complete sentence on its own, or be combined with other clauses to form a complete sentence
Clauses
can stand on their own
Ex: I am happy
Independent Clauses
- usually denoted by a subordinating conjunction (if, which, because, after, before, while)
Ex: Because it is my birthday - It can also be denoted by a relative pronoun (who, what, where, when, why, that, those, this) which creates a relative clause
Ex: When it is my birthday
Dependent Clause
- Groups of words functioning as a single unit in a sentence
- Does not form a sentence on its own
Phrases
begins with a noun (eat on a hot tin roof)
Noun phrase
begins with a preposition (over the river and through the woods)
Preposition phrase
begins with a verb (jump up and down)
Verb phrase
begins with a gerund (verb+ING) (going to the movies)
gerund phrase
begins with an adjective (green with envy)
adjectival phrase
begins with an adverb (truly, madly, deeply)
Adverbial phrase
- The subject and verb in a sentence must agree in form and amount
Ex: One of the boxes is open
Subject/verb agreement
replace nouns in sentence
Ex: Bill likes ice cream/ He likes ice cream
Pronoun Use
replacing the subject in the sentence
Ex: I, you, he/she, they, we, it
Subjective Pronoun
replacing the object in the sentence
Ex: me, you, him/her, them, us, it
Objective pronouns
ownership
Ex: my, your/ his/her(s)/their, our, its
Possessive pronoun
- He likes ice cream
- Ann and she went to the movies
- Bill went to the movies with her and him
- He makes more money that I (do)
- She is less qualified than he (is)
Correct Pronoun use examples
Items in a series must be in the same grammatical form (if one item is presented as a noun, all items should be presented as a noun, etc)
Ex: I like to read, paint, and exercise.
Parallelism
Modifying words must be placed nearby the phrase/clause they modify
Ex: The movie star, with a beautiful gold dress, walked the red carpet
Ex: With my new camera phone, I videotaped the lioness roaring at her cubs
Misplaced modifiers
should appear only in front of the word they modify (not, only, even, almost, nearly, just)
Ex: I like to eat pizza with only pepperoni
Limiting modifiers
consists of TO plus a VERB: to think, to breathe, to dance
Infinitives
Attempts should be made to avoid splitting up the TO and the VERB when possible
Ex: Students should try, if possible, to avoid splitting infinitives
Split infinitives
a word that describes, or modifies a noun or pronoun. It answers the questions what kind? How many: Which one?
Ex: I read FIVE practice tests; THAT linguist changed history
Adjective
a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or adverb
Answers the questions: Where? When? How? To what extent?
Ex: The bride said the conga line started HERE; The violinist played METHODICALLY
Adverb
- a subordinate clause that modifies an adjective, an adverb, or a verb
- it tells how, where, why, when, to what extent, or under what condition
Example: If it snows tonight, we will go to the snow summit tomorrow
Adverb Clause
a noun placed next to another noun to identify it or give additional information. They identify or rename nouns.
Example: George Whitney, an engineering student, designed the stage at Rockefeller Center.
Appositive
words act not as individual words, but as a single unit
Example: three o’clock
Cohesion Analysis
a sentence that combines two simple sentences that have related ideas.
Compound Sentence
They usually join the two sentences by using the words (or, and, or but)
Example: The romans were fine soldiers and they had the best artillery in the world
Conjunction
a sentence containing two or more independent sentences and at least one subordinate clause
Ex: When Craig left, he locked the doors, but he forgot to turn off the stove.
Compound-Complex Sentence
a clause connected to a series of two or more clauses
Example: Spencer likes hamburgers, but Justin prefers hot dogs.
Coordinating Clause
joins words or groups of words that are used in a similar way
Example: Wirehaired Dachshunds make good pets, but they require a lot of grooming.
Coordinating Conjunction
does not express a complete thought and is not a complete sentence. Words that indicate this are since, that, or what.
Example: what he saw
Dependent Clause
only complete when it is connected to an independent clause
Example: The innocent bystander told the sheriff what he saw.
Subordinate Clause
there are two kinds of these: relative pronouns and subordinate conjunctions
Example: After we swam out to the buoy, we jumped on the boat.
Dependent Marker Word
a pronoun, noun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of the verb. It answers the question of “what?” or “whom?” after a transitive verb
Example: Ms. Parsons greets whoever comes into the salon.
Direct Object
a word or word group that usually comes between a transitive verb and its direct object. It tells to whom, or for whom, or to what the action of the verb is done.
Example: Richard told Chris and Steve a magical tale of Merlin
Indirect Object
a word that shows emotion or feeling and has no grammatical relationship to the rest of the sentence
Example: Hooray, I passed the test!
Interjection
a noun that has a single form, but no plural form
Example: After one day of LIGHTENING, Mary carries her umbrella everywhere in anticipation of rainstorms
Noncount Noun
a word or word group used to name a person, place, thing, or idea
Example: Viking leaders have been known for their courage.
Noun
words used with nouns to help clarify meaning. There are approximately 50 of these in the English language.
Noun Determiners
a phrase which includes a noun and modifiers which identify it
Noun Phrases
the noun or pronoun which follows a preposition
Example: The timid squirrel ran from us
Object of a Preposition
a phrase used as an adjective that contains a participle and any modifiers or complements
Example: Seeing itself in the mirror, the parakeet seemed quite intrigued.
Participle Phrase
the preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object situated together are called a prepositional phrase
Example: The tired field hockey players climbed onto the empty bus.
Prepositional Phrase
a sentence containing one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. It may also contain a compound verb, a compound subject, and any number of phrases.
Example: The personal shopper gave Sue a new look. Both of the archaeologists froze while waiting for the sarcophagus to stop moving.
Simple Sentence
a word or phrase that means the same, or nearly the same, as another word or phrase in the same language
Example: hot and toasty
Synonym
a sentence that contains one main clause and one subordinate clause
Complex sentence
a word that introduces the subordinate clause
Example: when, if, because, while, or until
Subordinating conjunction
has at least two main clauses and at least one subordinate clause
Example: [Laura forgot her friend’s birthday, (main clause)] so [she sent her a card (main clause)][when she finally remembered (Subordinate clause)]
Compound-complex sentence
a word that introduces a noun or provides information about the quantity of a noun. It always comes before a noun, not after, and it also comes before any other adjectives used to describe the noun. They are required before a singular noun, but are optional when it comes to introducing plural nouns.
Determiner
introduces a general version of a noun
Ex: An ostrich would beat a chicken in a race.
Indefinite article
introduces a specific noun
Ex: We went to the best restaurant in town.
Definite Article
introduces how much/little of a noun
Ex: Do you want this piece of chicken?
Quantifier
provides information about which specific noun
Ex: She liked all desserts equally
Demonstrative
introduces a noun that belongs to someone
Ex: Which one is his house?
Possessive
answers what? Whom? (What or whom is receiving the action)
Ex: Carlos bought a car (Carlos= subject, bought= verb, car= direct object)
Direct Object
answers the questions to whom? For whom? For what?
Ex: They sent her a birthday present. (They= subject, sent= verb, her= indirect object)
Ex: Julie makes her grandmother’s breakfast (Julie=subject, makes= verb, breakfast=direct object, grandmother=indirect object
Indirect Object
a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
Ex: downsizing (meaning to cut)
Euphemism
a phrase that looks like a verb, but actually functions as an adjective; it modifies a noun in the same sentence. Phrases like this can “spice up” a noun and provide added description about what it’s doing or what it looks like. They’re often in pieces that need to tell readers a lot in a few words, like newspaper articles or even fiction books
Participial Phrase
tells who or what the sentence is about. It is a noun, proper noun, or pronoun
Subject
what the subject does or is/ begins with a verb.
Predicate
- Analyze the question
- Research
- Plan
- Write
- Edit
- Repeat
AND - Prewriting
- Drafting
- Revising
- Editing
The Writing Process
one of the story’s characters is narrating the literary work. This viewpoint is indicated using first person pronouns, including “I” and the reader assumes that the character is close to the story’s action
First Person
there is a narrative presence telling the story and referring to the characters in the third person, as “he” or “she.” It can be omniscient, meaning the narrator can see and know everything within the story, or limited, meaning the narrator is restricted in what they see and know of the story.
Third Person
uses the pronoun “you” to address the reader and bring them into the action of the story. It is a stylistic choice that is uncommon, especially in novel-length works. It can overwhelm the writer and confuse and/or alienate the reader. Most writers avoid constructing a narrative from this point of view.
Second Person
Steps:
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review
4. Method
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
8. Reference List
Research Paper
- Introduction
- Body
- Conclusion
Elements of a Speech
attention getter: personal story, alarming statistic, or a joke. Must establish relevance. You must let the audience know why your topic is important to them and why they should listen to what you have to say. It is a good idea to establish credibility. This lets the audience know you are knowledgeable and able to speak about the topic. The preview lets your audience know exactly what the main points of your speech will be. It is like a map of concepts you will be talking about later.
Introduction of a Speech
main points that should be clear and concise. You do not want your audience wondering about what you are talking. Transitions can help make your speech clear. Between every main point, you should use a transition. It should contain a summary statement of the concept you have just talked about. Then you should show how the topic you just spoke of is related to the next topic.
Body of a Speech
review reminds your audience what you have just talked about. In the review, you get a chance to repeat the important parts of your speech that the audience should keep in mind. The clincher includes any final thoughts you want to leave with your audience. It also signals to the audience that you are done speaking.
Conclusion of a Speech
