Non-Written/Written Communication Flashcards
1
Q
Noun/pronoun performing the actions
A
Subject
2
Q
Action being performed
A
Verb
3
Q
Noun/pronoun receiving the action
A
Object
4
Q
- Passive Voice: No subject/object serving as subject (the ball was hit vs. the bat hit the ball)
- Incomplete thought: Because the ball was hit
A
Common problems with sentence structure include:
5
Q
- contain a subject and verb
- Can be a complete sentence on its own, or be combined with other clauses to form a complete sentence
A
Clauses
6
Q
can stand on their own
Ex: I am happy
A
Independent Clauses
7
Q
- usually denoted by a subordinating conjunction (if, which, because, after, before, while)
Ex: Because it is my birthday - It can also be denoted by a relative pronoun (who, what, where, when, why, that, those, this) which creates a relative clause
Ex: When it is my birthday
A
Dependent Clause
8
Q
- Groups of words functioning as a single unit in a sentence
- Does not form a sentence on its own
A
Phrases
9
Q
begins with a noun (eat on a hot tin roof)
A
Noun phrase
10
Q
begins with a preposition (over the river and through the woods)
A
Preposition phrase
11
Q
begins with a verb (jump up and down)
A
Verb phrase
12
Q
begins with a gerund (verb+ING) (going to the movies)
A
gerund phrase
13
Q
begins with an adjective (green with envy)
A
adjectival phrase
14
Q
begins with an adverb (truly, madly, deeply)
A
Adverbial phrase
15
Q
- The subject and verb in a sentence must agree in form and amount
Ex: One of the boxes is open
A
Subject/verb agreement
16
Q
replace nouns in sentence
Ex: Bill likes ice cream/ He likes ice cream
A
Pronoun Use
17
Q
replacing the subject in the sentence
Ex: I, you, he/she, they, we, it
A
Subjective Pronoun
18
Q
replacing the object in the sentence
Ex: me, you, him/her, them, us, it
A
Objective pronouns
19
Q
ownership
Ex: my, your/ his/her(s)/their, our, its
A
Possessive pronoun
20
Q
- He likes ice cream
- Ann and she went to the movies
- Bill went to the movies with her and him
- He makes more money that I (do)
- She is less qualified than he (is)
A
Correct Pronoun use examples
21
Q
Items in a series must be in the same grammatical form (if one item is presented as a noun, all items should be presented as a noun, etc)
Ex: I like to read, paint, and exercise.
A
Parallelism
22
Q
Modifying words must be placed nearby the phrase/clause they modify
Ex: The movie star, with a beautiful gold dress, walked the red carpet
Ex: With my new camera phone, I videotaped the lioness roaring at her cubs
A
Misplaced modifiers
23
Q
should appear only in front of the word they modify (not, only, even, almost, nearly, just)
Ex: I like to eat pizza with only pepperoni
A
Limiting modifiers
24
Q
consists of TO plus a VERB: to think, to breathe, to dance
A
Infinitives
25
Attempts should be made to avoid splitting up the TO and the VERB when possible
Ex: Students should try, if possible, to avoid splitting infinitives
Split infinitives
26
a word that describes, or modifies a noun or pronoun. It answers the questions what kind? How many: Which one?
Ex: I read FIVE practice tests; THAT linguist changed history
Adjective
27
a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or adverb
Answers the questions: Where? When? How? To what extent?
Ex: The bride said the conga line started HERE; The violinist played METHODICALLY
Adverb
28
1. a subordinate clause that modifies an adjective, an adverb, or a verb
2. it tells how, where, why, when, to what extent, or under what condition
Example: If it snows tonight, we will go to the snow summit tomorrow
Adverb Clause
29
a noun placed next to another noun to identify it or give additional information. They identify or rename nouns.
Example: George Whitney, an engineering student, designed the stage at Rockefeller Center.
Appositive
30
words act not as individual words, but as a single unit
Example: three o’clock
Cohesion Analysis
31
a sentence that combines two simple sentences that have related ideas.
Compound Sentence
32
They usually join the two sentences by using the words (or, and, or but)
Example: The romans were fine soldiers and they had the best artillery in the world
Conjunction
33
a sentence containing two or more independent sentences and at least one subordinate clause
Ex: When Craig left, he locked the doors, but he forgot to turn off the stove.
Compound-Complex Sentence
34
a clause connected to a series of two or more clauses
Example: Spencer likes hamburgers, but Justin prefers hot dogs.
Coordinating Clause
35
joins words or groups of words that are used in a similar way
Example: Wirehaired Dachshunds make good pets, but they require a lot of grooming.
Coordinating Conjunction
36
does not express a complete thought and is not a complete sentence. Words that indicate this are since, that, or what.
Example: what he saw
Dependent Clause
37
only complete when it is connected to an independent clause
Example: The innocent bystander told the sheriff what he saw.
Subordinate Clause
38
there are two kinds of these: relative pronouns and subordinate conjunctions
Example: After we swam out to the buoy, we jumped on the boat.
Dependent Marker Word
39
a pronoun, noun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of the verb. It answers the question of “what?” or “whom?” after a transitive verb
Example: Ms. Parsons greets whoever comes into the salon.
Direct Object
40
a word or word group that usually comes between a transitive verb and its direct object. It tells to whom, or for whom, or to what the action of the verb is done.
Example: Richard told Chris and Steve a magical tale of Merlin
Indirect Object
41
a word that shows emotion or feeling and has no grammatical relationship to the rest of the sentence
Example: Hooray, I passed the test!
Interjection
42
a noun that has a single form, but no plural form
Example: After one day of LIGHTENING, Mary carries her umbrella everywhere in anticipation of rainstorms
Noncount Noun
43
a word or word group used to name a person, place, thing, or idea
Example: Viking leaders have been known for their courage.
Noun
44
words used with nouns to help clarify meaning. There are approximately 50 of these in the English language.
Noun Determiners
45
a phrase which includes a noun and modifiers which identify it
Noun Phrases
46
the noun or pronoun which follows a preposition
Example: The timid squirrel ran from us
Object of a Preposition
47
a phrase used as an adjective that contains a participle and any modifiers or complements
Example: Seeing itself in the mirror, the parakeet seemed quite intrigued.
Participle Phrase
48
the preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object situated together are called a prepositional phrase
Example: The tired field hockey players climbed onto the empty bus.
Prepositional Phrase
49
a sentence containing one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. It may also contain a compound verb, a compound subject, and any number of phrases.
Example: The personal shopper gave Sue a new look. Both of the archaeologists froze while waiting for the sarcophagus to stop moving.
Simple Sentence
50
a word or phrase that means the same, or nearly the same, as another word or phrase in the same language
Example: hot and toasty
Synonym
51
a sentence that contains one main clause and one subordinate clause
Complex sentence
52
a word that introduces the subordinate clause
Example: when, if, because, while, or until
Subordinating conjunction
53
has at least two main clauses and at least one subordinate clause
Example: [Laura forgot her friend’s birthday, (main clause)] so [she sent her a card (main clause)][when she finally remembered (Subordinate clause)]
Compound-complex sentence
54
a word that introduces a noun or provides information about the quantity of a noun. It always comes before a noun, not after, and it also comes before any other adjectives used to describe the noun. They are required before a singular noun, but are optional when it comes to introducing plural nouns.
Determiner
55
introduces a general version of a noun
Ex: An ostrich would beat a chicken in a race.
Indefinite article
56
introduces a specific noun
Ex: We went to the best restaurant in town.
Definite Article
57
introduces how much/little of a noun
Ex: Do you want this piece of chicken?
Quantifier
58
provides information about which specific noun
Ex: She liked all desserts equally
Demonstrative
59
introduces a noun that belongs to someone
Ex: Which one is his house?
Possessive
60
answers what? Whom? (What or whom is receiving the action)
Ex: Carlos bought a car (Carlos= subject, bought= verb, car= direct object)
Direct Object
61
answers the questions to whom? For whom? For what?
Ex: They sent her a birthday present. (They= subject, sent= verb, her= indirect object)
Ex: Julie makes her grandmother’s breakfast (Julie=subject, makes= verb, breakfast=direct object, grandmother=indirect object
Indirect Object
62
a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
Ex: downsizing (meaning to cut)
Euphemism
63
a phrase that looks like a verb, but actually functions as an adjective; it modifies a noun in the same sentence. Phrases like this can “spice up” a noun and provide added description about what it’s doing or what it looks like. They’re often in pieces that need to tell readers a lot in a few words, like newspaper articles or even fiction books
Participial Phrase
64
tells who or what the sentence is about. It is a noun, proper noun, or pronoun
Subject
65
what the subject does or is/ begins with a verb.
Predicate
66
1. Analyze the question
2. Research
3. Plan
4. Write
5. Edit
6. Repeat
AND
1. Prewriting
2. Drafting
3. Revising
4. Editing
The Writing Process
67
one of the story’s characters is narrating the literary work. This viewpoint is indicated using first person pronouns, including “I” and the reader assumes that the character is close to the story’s action
First Person
68
there is a narrative presence telling the story and referring to the characters in the third person, as “he” or “she.” It can be omniscient, meaning the narrator can see and know everything within the story, or limited, meaning the narrator is restricted in what they see and know of the story.
Third Person
69
uses the pronoun “you” to address the reader and bring them into the action of the story. It is a stylistic choice that is uncommon, especially in novel-length works. It can overwhelm the writer and confuse and/or alienate the reader. Most writers avoid constructing a narrative from this point of view.
Second Person
70
Steps:
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review
4. Method
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
8. Reference List
Research Paper
71
1. Introduction
2. Body
3. Conclusion
Elements of a Speech
72
attention getter: personal story, alarming statistic, or a joke. Must establish relevance. You must let the audience know why your topic is important to them and why they should listen to what you have to say. It is a good idea to establish credibility. This lets the audience know you are knowledgeable and able to speak about the topic. The preview lets your audience know exactly what the main points of your speech will be. It is like a map of concepts you will be talking about later.
Introduction of a Speech
73
main points that should be clear and concise. You do not want your audience wondering about what you are talking. Transitions can help make your speech clear. Between every main point, you should use a transition. It should contain a summary statement of the concept you have just talked about. Then you should show how the topic you just spoke of is related to the next topic.
Body of a Speech
74
review reminds your audience what you have just talked about. In the review, you get a chance to repeat the important parts of your speech that the audience should keep in mind. The clincher includes any final thoughts you want to leave with your audience. It also signals to the audience that you are done speaking.
Conclusion of a Speech
