CA History Flashcards
1
Q
influential leader in establishing the Mission System in CA. He was a well-respected Spanish Priest. In 1767, the Spanish King put him in charge of establishing the CA Missions. In 1769, he and his fellow Spaniards began their expedition.
A
Father Junipero Serra
2
Q
the nearest mission to Cal Poly Pomona. It was founded in 1771. The majority of the mission is original, but there have been some replacements due to an earthquake in 1804. Fountain Square is located in the middle, decorated with beautiful fountains and gardens
A
The San Gabriel Mission
3
Q
was first consecrated in 1778. It is the oldest cemetery in LA county
A
Campo Santo Cemetery
4
Q
miners squatted by a stream, filled a flat-bottomed pan with dirt and water and then swirled the pan with the contents for a few minutes. Any gold would settle to the bottom of the pan due to its weight
A
Panning
5
Q
a box-like contraction that allowed miners to sift through more dirt and hopefully reach their mine goals
A
Rocker
6
Q
invented by the end of 1849; this 12-foot-long trough let water and dirt flow through at a quicker pace and in larger quantities.
A
Long tone
7
Q
written by James Hutchings; handled the list of ten guidelines, which then turned mining code into simple rules. They revolved around not imposing on someone else’s claim, working too hard, no drinking, and no stealing. It also listed some punishments if people chose to disobey.
A
Miner’s Ten Commandments
8
Q
- The Spanish Mission System in CA began in 1769.
- The goal of the Missions was to gain a foothold in CA before the Russians.
- Another goal was to spread the Christian faith to the Native American Indians living in CA
A
Mission System
9
Q
- Over 54 days, 21 California Missions were established. They spanned over 650 miles on the historic rout El Camino Real from San Francisco to modern-day Sonoma
- Some Native Americans came to live in the mission willingly. However, they were not treated the same as the Spaniards. Often, the Native Americans were mistreated by the Spanish Soldiers.
- The Native Americans lived in straw huts called kilys
- While living in the missions, Native Americans were taught how to speak Spanish, farm, and other skills
- Every mission has a memorial statue of Father Junipero Serra to acknowledge the founder of the missions
A
Mission System
10
Q
- 1848-1852
- January 1848, James Marshall (a carpenter) working at Sutter’s Mill found a glittery metal within the shallows of the American River
- The discovery was meant to keep a secret. Nearly 6,000 people rushed to CA with dreams of striking it rich
- Spring of 1849, the Gold Rush turned into a global epidemic. People flocked here from all over. Sea routes were the most popular, bringing in people over the Isthmus of Panama and Cape Hope. The land routes were more desirable
- Disease killed many, fatal accidents, dehydration, famine, and heat exhaustion all contributed to large number of deaths
A
Gold Rush
11
Q
- Bands of hunters and gatherers from Central Asia crossed a land bridge in Alaska across the Bering Strait and systematically populated North and South America. For about 15,000 years ancestors of Native Americans have been living throughout the America’s in the New World. CA’s history goes back over 15,000 years
- In what is now known as the state of CA, the Native American population was about 275,000 to 500,000 in the 18th century before the first Europeans had arrived.
- There were 250 distinct cultures and 300 dialects with over 100 languages spoken making communicating with neighbors challenging.
A
CA’s Earliest Inhabitants: Native American Origins
12
Q
- Native Americans in CA typically organized themselves in hunter and gatherer societies.
- There was also no written language for Native Americans in CA, which meant our knowledge of their past is found through archeological evidence and the stories of modern Native Americans
- Vikings settled parts of North America off the coast of northern Canada as early as 1000 C.E. (A.D)
- Chinese landed on shores of CA in 400 C.E. (A.D.)
A
CA’s earliest inhabitants
13
Q
tribes such as the Shasta and Wiyot lived in northern “rainforest” environments and lived along lagoons, coastal bays and rivers capitalizing on the abundant food sources. They often used dugout canoes and built redwood and cedar planked homes
A
Native American Tribes: North
14
Q
Tribes such as the Miwok and Lassick lived along the vast central valley and lived throughout the Sierra Nevada’s along rivers and streams. The staple here was acorns and salmon, and they lived in dome homes built with pine, grass, or tule
A
Native American Tribes: Central
15
Q
tribes such as the Kumeyaay and the Chumash lived in Southern California and built ewas (homes built with willow branches or reeds) and often traveled seasonally with the food sources. Acorns, deer, rabbits, and native plants were the staple of these Southern tribes.
A
Native American Tribes: Southern
16
Q
tribal villages were organized independently and governed internally. Each tribe would consist of a chieftain who would organize events and settle conflicts. Most tribes were organized around a system of lineage or family descent which was a small group of extended family members living together. A grouping of lineages would form a clan which was also very common. CA tribes never reached the massive size and governing capabilities of the Iroquois Confederacy which contributed heavily to the founding ideas and principles of the Declaration of Independence and our national identity
A
Tribal organization
17
Q
CA Indian religion was animistic in nature and natural elements were worshipped and revered. The shaman, or medicine man was the central leader of religious activities and the tribe’s doctor and healer. Rituals and religious activities were central to these tribes and were tragically labeled witchcraft by the coming European colonists.
A
religion
18
Q
worship of nature and a belief that the natural world is alive with spirits
A
animism
19
Q
organizational unit of a tribe in large groups of extended families
A
Clan
20
Q
tribal system of organization based on family descent
A
Lineage
21
Q
hollowed out stone (or cottonwood log) for grinding seeds, nuts, or clay
A
Mortar
22
Q
designs painted on rock
A
pictograph
23
Q
religious and medical practitioner of a tribe
A
Shaman
24
Q
Acorns have been the most important staple plant food of CA’s Native Americans. They are harvested from one of the many varieties of oak trees found throughout the state of CA. they are gathered in autumn and stored in above ground granary baskets. The bitter tannic acid needs to be removed by pouring water over the acorn meal in a process called leaching. This food was made into a break or acorn meal. Evidence of grinding rocks called morteros or morters and are found throughout CA. acorn production is labor intensive and requires skillful manipulation of a seemingly inedible food
A
Acorn Culture
25
essential and groups throughout CA would trade for salt, spices and various other prized foods and goods. Inland Mojave Indians would trade corn and beans they planted for costal shells. The unique climates and physical geography of CA influenced this economic opportunity of each group
Trade
26
1. Queen Isabella and the Spanish monarchy had an interest in spreading Christianity and making Spain more powerful
2. The same year Christopher Columbus set sail to the New World, Queen Isabella expelled all the Muslims and Jews from Spain. Columbus sailed to the Caribbean under Spanish patronage in the 1490’s. His voyages created a buzz in Spain and exploration and exploitation became a national interest
3. Conquistadors such as Hernan Cortes who conquered the Aztec, and Francisco Pizarro who conquered the Inca also became famous. Their stories of trickery filled volumes of books
4. As explorers moved west, they heard of a body of water connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific. The slave labor, cash crops, and gold also served as an incentive for these explorers
Roots of Spanish Exploration
27
in an attempt to find the famed passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific (which did not exist until the Panama Canal of 1912) sailed from the coast of Mexico (New Spain) to San Diego off Ballast Point. He was also the first European to step foot in CA in 1542
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
28
unable to find the lost city of gold, or any spice islands reached CA in 1579 on his way to complete his voyage around the world
Sir Francis Drake
29
was sent to find a new port for the Spanish galleons which were large ships used by Spanish from 1400-1700. He was famous for naming San Diego after Saint Didacus de Alcala and creating highly accurate maps of CA used until the 1790’s. He also discovered the port of Monterey
Sebastian Vizcaino
30
also sailed and charted the coast of CA on his way to the Bering Strait on his failed attempt to find the Northwest Passage.
Captain James Cook
31
1. Russian expeditions and trading companies along the west coast of the Pacific also led to the Spanish efforts to colonize CA
2. The spread of infectious diseases by the Spanish throughout the New World, and brutal mistreatment decimated the indigenous populations of the New World
3. the decimation of the population of Mexico was mostly by the exchange of deadly diseases by the European colonists. CA would be no exception.
Effects of Exploration and Colonization
32
Spanish explorer who looked for the passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific. He was the first European to step foot in CA
Juan Rodrigues Cabrillo
33
conquistador who conquered the Aztec in Mexico
Hernan Cortes
34
first European to rediscover the New World
Christopher Columbus
35
sailed along CA looking for Northwest passage
Captain James Cook
36
sailed along CA in his voyage around the world
Sir Francis Drake
37
Spanish explorer who sailed along CA and gave San Diego its name. He created detailed maps.
Sebastian Vizcaino
38
Spanish ship
Galleon
39
a more powerful and technologically advanced country taking over and occupying a weaker one
Colonization
40
Spanish explorers and soldiers who brought much of the New World under the control of Spain
Conquistador
41
North and South America
New World
42
Europe, Asia, and Africa
Old World
43
1. The Spanish did not become really interested in colonizing Alta California (upper CA) until the Russians started trading and exploring down the west coast of North America
2. In 1768, the governor of New Spain sent 3 expeditions to San Diego and Monterey led by Gaspar de Portola
3. Father Junipero Serra led one of these famed expeditions and established the first mission in 1769. A mission is a religious, cultural, and economic center often constructed of wood and adobe.
4. There were 21 missions stretching from San Diego to Sonoma. The chain of mission is known as the El Camino Real and the missions are spaced every 30 miles, or one day’s ride on a horse or wagon.
Mission system
44
1. From a Spanish point of view, the main objective of the Missions was to convert Native Americans to Catholicism, to establish cultural and agricultural centers and to populate Alta CA
2. From the Native American’s perspective, the intention was to enslave native peoples by the sword and the cross with forced labor and slave-like conditions
3. The controversial benefits of the Mission System was the spread of cultural/technological advancements brought by Spain and the spread of Christianity. Agricultural self-sufficiency was a primary objective
4. The negative effects include the dehumanization of Native Americans, virtual slavery, along with whippings and keeping subjects in chains. There was an active yet ineffective resistance.
Mission System
45
1. Some Native Americans came voluntarily to the missions, but some were bribed or tricked. Children were often baptized as infants and then when those babies came of age, the Spanish took them from their families because they were considered “Christians” and religious subjects. The Native Americans were not allowed to leave.
2. CA began to change from a traditional hunter and gather society with pockets of farming to more of a agriculturally dominated society.
3. The primary goal of the mission was to create self-sufficient communities that were able to produce an agricultural surplus. The Spanish used missions, pueblos (towns), and presidios (forts) to gain social and economic control of CA. the main function of the missions was to regulate the daily activities of the “Indians”, whereas the presidios were to suppress rebellions from European settlers and Native Americans.
4. The native population declined by 75% during the Mission System.
Mission System
46
in 1768, the governor of New Spain sent 3 expeditions to San Diego and Monterey
Gaspar de Portola
47
Franciscan priest who established the first mission in San Diego in 1769
Father Junipero Serra
48
Spanish name for present day CA
Alta CA
49
Spanish priestly order
Franciscan
50
reason the Spanish began to settle Alta CA and establish the mission system. Spain wanted to protect their mineral wealth
Russian Traders
51
Spanish religious, cultural, and economic centers strategically placed every 21 miles down the CA coast.
Mission
52
towns run by the provincial Spanish governor
Pueblos
53
Spanish forts in CA
Presidios
54
1. Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821 through a revolutionary struggle. CA became part of Mexico.
2. Mexicans got rid of the Mission System in 1834. Growing criticism of the Mission System as a form of Spanish colonialism prompted efforts to turn mission-controlled lands into private ownership.
3. Increased control of local political matters.
4. CA, TX, NM, CO, UT, AZ, and NV were also part of Mexico
5. The Rancho System was created.
CA: Mexican Rule and Independence
55
where property was distributed to rancheros (ranchers) as land grants. These were huge plots of land where vaqueros, or cowboys raised cattle. Rancho grants encouraged agriculture and industry and were granted to wealthy Californios (native-born Mexican citizens)
Native Americans served as indentured servants here
Rancho System
56
Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836 and became a state in 1845. The U.S. government took an interest in annexing CA
CA Mexican rule and independence
57
wagon trains coming west as part of the U.S. idea of Manifest Destiny (US divinely inspired mission to settle from coast to coast), edict: non-Mexicans cannot own land, population of settlers increasing in CA, Mexico lacked resources to control CA
California settlers
58
Bear Flag Revolt, President Polk indirectly supported annexation of CA, Commodore Stout sailed into Monterey Bay and proclaimed CA a possession of the US, lots of fighting occurred mostly outside CA, US forces occupied Mexico City
Causes of Mexican American War
59
settlers under John Freemont of the US Army took control of a fort in Sonoma. Raised a flag with a bear and star with the words “California Republic”
Bear Flag Revolt
60
signed in 1848, ending the Mexican American War. Mexico paid 15 million dollars and gave up all lands north of the current border; CA became part of the US
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
61
1. CA was officially going to be part of the US and join as a free state (slavery still existed in small numbers). Mexicans can return to Mexico, or stay and become US or Mexican citizens
2. CA became a state in 1850, CA Constitution was created; it took 10 years to officially establish boundaries
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
62
settler revolt leading up to the Mexican American War where the CA flag was first raised
Bear Flag Revolt
63
Native born Mexican citizens living in CA
Californios
64
System of land grants given to cattle ranchers under the Mexican rule of CA
Rancho System
65
the “divinely inspired” mission for the US to settle from coast to coast across America
Manifest Destiny
66
treaty that ended the Mexican American War
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
67
cowboys
Vaqueros/Rancheros
68
1. Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill in 1848 by James Marshall. Word spread like wildfire throughout the world leading to the “Gold Rush”
2. Stories of CA “paved with gold to the thickness of a hand” spread
3. President Polk validated the claims in an address to Congress
4. The 49ers (seekers of gold in CA) led the wave of immigrants in 1849
Origins of Gold and Immigration
69
1. Most miners were young men who were heavily armed and international adventurers and gamblers. A few prostitutes also followed. It was truly an international event
2. Those from the east coast traveled the overland trail. The fastest way by sea and land was across the Isthmus of Panama and Mexico. Some took the 13,000-mile journey around South America
3. By 1856, the population of CA went from 15,000 to 300,000
4. San Francisco (the major Gold Rush port) grew exponentially
Origins of Gold and Immigration
70
1. 20% of miners came from the Far East, Latin America, and Australia. Mexicans by the thousands arrived and Chinese people heard mythical tales of the famous “gold mountain.” Hawaiian ports brimmed with miners
2. Only a few 49ers made it rich, so they needed a scapegoat. Foreigners were the targets of discrimination, mob violence, and racist taxation.
Origins of Gold and Immigration
71
1. Native populations in CA are thought to have decreased by 80% during this time and as many as 100,000 died in non-disease related deaths. Native American extermination and displacement was heavily supported through state and federal funding
2. Californios lost their ranches and Mexicans were treated harshly. Most stopped their annual migrations north
3. The small shovel and pan operations led to giant mining companies blasting mountains, diverting and poisoning rivers and streams, and creating artificial canyons
Impacts on CA
72
1. Much of CA’s population wanted statehood. President Zachary Taylor proposed to establish the state of CA as part of the Compromise of 1850 in an effort to avoid the controversy of extending slavery in the territories
2. As gold became more scarce, new technologies became important such as hydraulic pumps. Hydraulic mining increased gold production but caused agricultural damage due to silt in the water and caused environmental destruction
3. After the Gold Mining era, many Chinese immigrants stayed and found employment on the transcontinental railroad
Impacts on CA
73
compromise over which territories should be admitted with or without slavery
Compromise of 1850
74
technology used to increase gold production using powerful hoses that caused major environmental damage
Hydraulic Mining
75
technology used to increase gold production using powerful hoses that caused major environmental damage
Hydraulic Mining
76
name given to the gold miners of CA who arrived in 1849
Forty Niners
77
first place gold was “found” in CA by James Marshall
Sutter’s Mill
78
began carrying mail between Missouri and CA. Turned a 3 week trip into a 2 week trip. Closed down because of the telegraph line, which carried messages instantaneously through Morse code.
Pony Express (1860)
79
1. An ambitious man named Theodore Judah got a group of inventors to pave the way for a railroad system all the way across the continent called the Transcontinental Railroad
2. He needed some inventors so he found the Big Four (Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Charles Crocker, and Leland Stanford) who lobbied Congress and President Lincoln signed the Railroad Act of 1862. This put the Central Pacific and Union Pacific in power to complete the job. Both companies received massive land grants along the way
The Railroads
80
1. Chinese workers provided the majority of the labor force for constructing the railroad. they were often segregated, discriminated against, and paid very little money
2. The railroads created trade networks for CA agricultural goods to make it to east coast markets.
The Railroads
81
1. 48 delegates met in 1849 to draw up the CA Constitution. This led to:
2. Establishing the current CA borders
3. Permitted women to own property (first state to accomplish this)
4. Problems: women, native Americans, Chinese, and Black people could not vote
5. CA was established as a free state and had to implement a Fugitive State. The US gov’t needed to keep the balance of free states and slave states under the Compromise of 1850
6. President Fillmore signed CA into statehood in 1850
CA Constitution
82
a “constitutional convention” drafted a new CA constitution in 1879 which took a year to create and is one of the longest constitutions in the world. In 1911 CA adopted a new state constitution which was heavily influenced by the Progressive Movement and their belief of popular sovereignty
New Constitution
83
huge corporations had tremendous power in the late 19th and early 20th century. (they still do). At this time there was a reform movement that wanted to bring power back to ordinary citizens and away from corporations which was called the Progressive Movement. One of the Progressive Era champions was Hiram Johnson who was the Republican candidate for governor in CA who worked to break the railroad grip on the state. The Progressives believed in popular sovereignty, or direct democracy. They passed many reforms and successfully created a new state constitution. With the help of the Progressives CA was the 6th state to give women the right to vote (before the 19th amendment)
Progressive Reforms
84
the power grants citizens or groups of citizens the right to place a proposed law on the CA ballot. These groups must collect signatures of registered voters to get their initiative on the ballot. This has often been abused by special interest groups and corporations
Initiative
85
this is an amendment that has passed the state legislature that is then placed on the ballot for approval through the election process
Referendum
86
the removal of an elected official from office before their scheduled completion of service
Recall
87
Progressive-era Republican governor of CA
Hiram Johnson
88
power to veto particular items from a spending bill while leaving other parts intact
Line-item veto
89
direct democracy
Popular sovereignty
90
era defined by reforms to working conditions and workers’ rights, expansion of popular sovereignty and a desire to have less corporate control of government
Progressive Movement
91
The major force that brought immigrants to CA in the post-Civil War Era was mining, the railroad, and agriculture. Economics is the impetus for immigration.
Immigration
92
1. The immigrants who built the railroads would settle in San Francisco. Angel Island was the main entry point for immigrants coming to the West Coast, whereas Ellis Island was the main entry point for immigrants on the east coast of the US
2. CA suffered the Depression of the 1870’s and discrimination of Chinese and immigrants became common place.
3. CA law made it illegal for any “native of China” to vote in 1879.
Chinese Immigration
93
adopted in 1882, barring immigration of Chinese laborers and Chinese were not able to become citizens. In 1884, the San Francisco School Board adopted a “separate but equal doctrine” and segregated Chinese schoolchildren
Chinese Exclusion Act
94
adopted in 1907, was a treaty that allowed Japanese “picture brides” or wives that Japanese men had never met to come to the US under the condition that Japan not allow men emigrating to the US
The Gentlemen's Agreement
95
Mexicans have played an essential role in CA history from the very beginning before statehood. Since the Gold Rush immigrants from Mexico, Central, and South America have come across the border. Many Mexican farm workers came during the 1920’s as prejudice against Japanese farm workers peaked. This has been a contentious topic and remains one to this day. Here are a few examples of US Immigration Policy
Mexican Immigration
96
1930’s: the Great Depression hit and CA was heavily influenced by this economic ripple effect. CA was affected by the Dust Bowl where massive migrations from New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Colorado to CA happened in a short time. These “Okies” as they were often called faced discrimination as they looked for agricultural work in CA. during the 1930’s, around 350,000 people left their farms and failed jobs to try their luck in CA
Dust Bowl Migration
97
1. During the 1970’s Asian refugees from Vietnam came to CA escaping the Vietnam War and people from Central America also came in large numbers fleeing civil wars of the 1980’s. refugees are currently coming from east Africa and Iraq
2. Immigration controversy abounds especially during economic problems. Some people blame immigrants (especially illegal immigrants) for taking away jobs and burdening social services, while others praise immigrants as hard-working contributing members of society.
Dust Bowl Migration
98
entry point for immigrants along the west coast of the US
Angel Island
99
guest worker program during WWII
Bracero Program
100
banned Chinese immigration and citizenship in 1882
Chinese Exclusion Act
101
Japanese emigration policy allowing wives of workers to immigrate to the US
Gentlemen's Agreement
102
equitable immigration policy based on quotas by country
Immigration Act of 1965
103
President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 forcibly removing all people with Japanese ancestry from the West Coast
Japanese Internment
104
1. The Panama Canal opened in 1914 and opened the doors for international trade
2. The Great Depression caused major unemployment, foreclosures, and bank failures
3. Dust Bowl migrants from the Great Plains “Okies” moved to CA adding more than 350,000 people. This caused a major excess of farm workers.
Key Events that influenced CA’s Economy
105
1. Increasing manufacturing (airplanes, war products, ships). CA became the premier “defense center” in the world. (17% of war supplies made in CA)
2. With the growth of the defense industry came the need for public services
3. Eisenhower created the Interstate Highway System, which opened CA to easier interstate transportation
WWII revived the economy by:
106
1. Mexican migrant workers were key to the success of agriculture in CA. Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta were instrumental in fighting for better working conditions and started the United Farm Workers in 1962.
2. Agriculture accounts for 10 percent of the jobs in CA and the Central Valley is the largest agricultural area in CA and leads the US in production.
3. Some major agricultural products are cotton and dairy products
WWII -2011 Agriculture
107
1. CA’s leading manufactured products are electrical equipment. Silicon Valley is the largest producer of computers and electronics and continues to be the creative hub of the technology industry with companies like Google, Apple, and Facebook.
2. The aerospace industry and defense industry play a significant role in Los Angeles and San Diego
WWII -2011 Manufacturing
108
1. CA is instrumental in international trade. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) is a trade agreement with Mexico and Canada and is an important part of the CA economy.
2. Large ports such as Long Beach are essential for CA trade with countries like China and the Pacific Rim countries
3. Tourism, national parks, and entertainment are also large contributors to the economy
Other industries
109
1. The rain does not fall equitably in CA. the temperate forests of NorCal get drenched with heavy rainfall while the arid south gets around 10 inches of rain a year
2. CA gets about 75% of its water north of Sacramento, while the majority of demand up to 80%) comes from the arid south
3. Water is one of the biggest limiting factors to the economic growth of the Southwestern US
Water Resources
110
Congress approves Hetch Hetchy Dam in 1913 despite opposition from John Muir. An aqueduct brings water from the reservoir to the city of San Francisco
San Francisco Water Supply
111
an ambitious engineer named George Chaffey wanted to bring water from the Colorado River to Imperial Valley via a 70-mile-long canal. He sold the company and the new owner wanted to bring even more water to Imperial Valley. This caused a flood, and the Salton Sea was created which was shut off from a fresh water supply. It’s a salty mess
Salton Sea
112
1913, William Mulholland brought water from the Owens Valley in a controversial land grab
Los Angeles
113
a project during the Great Depression that brought water from Northern to Southern CA
Central Valley Project
114
water canal that brings water from a reservoir to a city
Aqueduct
115
activist and freedom fighter who fought for the rights of farm workers and started the United Workers Union
Cesar Chavez
116
CA’s main agricultural area
Central Valley
117
a project created during the Great Depression to bring water from Northern to Southern CA
Central Valley Authority
118
North American Free Trade Agreement
NAFTA
119
early controversial water supply of LA
Owen Valley
120
Imperial Valley Lake inadvertently created by a botched water project
computer and technological center of CA
