World Englishes Master

Question 1

What do we call the countries where English is spoken as a first language?

Answer 1

An L1 country.

Question 2

What do we call the countries where English is spoken as a second or foreign language?

Answer 2

An L2 country

Question 3

One of the reasons why English is so widespread is because it was the language of The British _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 3

Empire

Question 4

What does ‘Lingua Franca’ mean?

Answer 4

A trading or contact language between many groups who don’t speak the same language.

Question 5

Although English is spoken all over the world, the kind of English spoken is not necessarily the same as the English in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or the same as in other countries.

Answer 5

Britain

Question 6

Linguists now often speak about Global _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rather than Global English as there are many different varieties of English around the world.

Answer 6

Englishes

Question 7

What is the name of Braj Kachru’s model?

Answer 7

Three Circles Model

Question 8

Which circle, did Braj Kachru say, is made up of regions where English is used as a first language (L1)

Answer 8

The Inner Circle

Question 9

Kachru said that L1 countries act as ‘norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ‘

Answer 9

Providers

Question 10

L1 countries provide the standard against which all other kinds of English are?

Answer 10

Judged

Question 11

UK, the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand are all examples of L1, L2 or L3 countries?

Answer 11

L1

Question 12

Which circle, did Braj Kachru say, is made up of regions where English is used as a second language (L2)

Answer 12

Outer Circle

Question 13

Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria are all examples of L1, L2 or L3 countries?

Answer 13

L2

Question 14

Kachru said that L2 countries, such as Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria, are ‘norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’

Answer 14

Developing

Question 15

Norm Developing countries such as Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria, are develop their own _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties.

Answer 15

Distinct

Question 16

In the expanding circle, why is English used?

Answer 16

To communicate for purposes of business, politics and education

Question 17

In which circle is English used for practical reasons and not for ‘cultural integration.’ (i.e. people don’t chat in it or write fiction or drama in it.)

Answer 17

The Expanding Circle

Question 18

Countries in the Outer Circle are norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 18

Dependent

Question 19

Countries in which circle rely on Inner Circle Englishes to tell them what is right and wrong.

Answer 19

Expanding Circle

Question 20

How do Canadians spell ‘colour’

Answer 20

colour with a ‘u’

Question 21

How do Canadians spell ‘criticise’?

Answer 21

Criticize with a ‘z’

Question 22

Instead of nappy, Canadians instead say d _ _ _ _ _

Answer 22

Diaper

Question 23

What do Canadians call a mobile?

Answer 23

Cell phone

Question 24

What do Canadians call a ‘queue’

Answer 24

A line-up

Question 25

British English is a _ _ _ _ _ _ - timed language

Answer 25

Stress

Question 26

Indian English is a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - timed language

Answer 26

Syllable

Question 27

A stress-timed language is when you stress the most important syllables in an utterance and _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ the rest

Answer 27

De-stress

Question 28

Indian English tends to stress all of it syllables _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 28

Equally

Question 29

In Indian English, compound words using ‘w _ _ _ _ _ ‘ meaning ‘person associated with’ are very common eg ‘governmentw _ _ _ _ _ ‘

Answer 29

Wallah - Governmentwallah (person associated with the government)

Question 30

What is the term we use for the following examples: ‘I am knowing this’ instead of ‘I know this’ or ‘I am loving you’ instead of ‘I love you’

Answer 30

Progressive aspect

Question 31

In Indian English, it is common to say “what she has done” instead of “what has she done” - what do we call this?

Answer 31

‘Wh’ interrogatives do not use inversion.

Question 32

What is a lingua franca?

Answer 32

A trading or contact language, between groups of people who don’t have a language in common.

Question 33

What is the name of the theorist who identified the ‘dynamic model?

Answer 33

Edgar Schneider

Question 34

The ‘foundation’ stage in Schneider’s dynamic model explains how English is brought to a new territory by a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ group

Answer 34

Powerful

Question 35

The ‘Exonormative Stabilisation’ stage in Schneider’s dynamic model explains how the _ _ _ _ _ in the territory become bilingual using Standard English.

Answer 35

Elite

Question 36

The ‘N _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ‘ stage, in Schneider’s Dynamic Model, is when the influence of Britain (or other English speaking country) weakens

Answer 36

Nativisation

Question 37

The ‘Endonormative Stabilisation’ stage in Schneider’s Dynamic Model, is when the new territory gains what?

Answer 37

Independence

Question 38

‘D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’ in Schneider’s Dynamic Model, is when the new variety of English becomes widely spoken throughout the territory

Answer 38

Differentiation