Gender Theory Flashcards Master

Question 1

What is the name of Lakoff’s model?

Answer 1

The Deficit Model

Question 2

What did Lakoff say about Women’s Language?

Answer 2

That there are 10 features specific to it

Question 3

What are the 10 features in Lakoff’s Deficit Model?

Answer 3

Hedges, superpolitness, hypercorrectness, tag questions, speaking in italics, empty adjectives, use of implication, special lexicon, question intonation, no sense of humour

Question 4

Whose research criticised Lakoff?

Answer 4

O’Barr and Atkins

Question 5

What did O’Barr & Atkins find in their criticism?

Answer 5

Powerless language in a court was used by both genders - it was their power in the courtroom that dictated their language use

Question 6

The Dominance Model is a response to which model?

Answer 6

The Deficit Model

Question 7

The Dominance Model states that men deliberately behave in an uncooperative way when talking to women in order to?

Answer 7

undermine and dominate them.

Question 8

Zimmerman and West looked at dominance through?

Answer 8

Turn taking

Question 9

Which two irregularities in turn taking did Zimmerman and West look at?

Answer 9

Overlaps and Interruptions

Question 10

Interruptions are seen as v _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the turn taking process

Answer 10

Violations

Question 11

According to Zimmerman and West, interruptions are far more common in which gender?

Answer 11

Men

Question 12

What is the criticism of Zimmerman and West?

Answer 12

Very small sample size, their classification of an interruption

Question 13

Fishman noted that women used the tag question ‘y’know’ how many times more than men?

Answer 13

5 times

Question 14

Fishman claimed that tag questions such as ‘y’know’ are used as an attempt by the woman speaking to stimulate a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from her male interlocutor.

Answer 14

response

Question 15

What did Janet Holmes’s study find that is contrary to Lakoff’s claims?

Answer 15

That men and women use the same number of tags

Question 16

Fishman said that women undertake ‘C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and adapt their conversations to help men.

Answer 16

‘Conversational Shitwork’

Question 17

The Difference Model states that men and women use language for different?

Answer 17

purposes

Question 18

Tannen said that men and women’s language is different because of differences in upbringing and social _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 18

conditioning

Question 19

According to Tannen, women’s conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ talk and is used to establish and maintain relationships.

Answer 19

rapport

Question 20

According to Tannen, men’s conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ talk and is predominantly used to give information.

Answer 20

report

Question 21

What is the binary opposite of the following: Status v _________

Answer 21

support

Question 22

What is the binary opposite of the following: Independence v _________

Answer 22

Intimacy

Question 23

What is the binary opposite of the following: advice v __________

Answer 23

understanding

Question 24

What is the binary opposite of the following: information v __________

Answer 24

Feelings

Question 25

What is the binary opposite of the following: orders v __________

Answer 25

Proposals

Question 26

The Diversity Model opposes ideas of “biological d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ “

Answer 26

determinism

Question 27

According to the Diversity Model, what is language influenced by?

Answer 27

The roles we play in society and the way we interact socially with others.

Question 28

What is the name of Janet Hyde’s Hypothesis?

Answer 28

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Question 29

What does Janet Hyde claim in her hypothesis?

Answer 29

That there are far more similarities between female and male speech than differences.

Question 30

What did O’Barr and Atkins discover in their Courtroom Study?

Answer 30

that the differences that Lakoff identified are not necessarily the result of being a woman, but of being powerless.

Question 31

What is the name of O’Barr and Atkins’s Study?

Answer 31

The Courtroom Study

Question 32

O’Barr and Atkins discovered that the differences that Lakoff identified are not necessarily the result of being a woman, but are a result of being _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 32

Powerless

Question 33

O’Barr and Atkins suggested that the features described by Lakoff as ‘Women’s Language’ should be re-named to?

Answer 33

Powerless Language

Question 34

Deborah Cameron argues that sex difference in language is a _ _ _

Answer 34

myth

Question 35

Cameron argues that women speak more because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ means more to women

Answer 35

communication

Question 36

Cameron argues that men use language competitively to gain

Answer 36

status

Question 37

Cameron argues that men and women talk so differently that m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ often arises between the sexes

Answer 37

miscommunication

Question 38

Cameron argues that language is a p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 38

peformance

Question 39

Cameron used the phrase v _ _ _ _ _ h _ _ _ _ _ _ to refer to the ways in which people regulate their language and communication to conform to social expectations and norms.

Answer 39

‘verbal hygiene’

Question 40

Butler say that gender is not linked to biology. Instead, it is a series of r _ _ _ _ _ a _ _ _ that imitate expected gender roles and norms that we repeat constantly.

Answer 40

Ritual Acts

Question 41

Butler believes that _ _ _ _ _ _ is constructed through language, not the other way round

Answer 41

Gender

Question 42

Butler claims that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ performances expose the performative nature of femininity

Answer 42

Drag Queen

Question 43

In drag, men perform the gender norms we expect of women. They show that behaviour that seems natural and linked to biology is, in fact a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ determined performance.

Answer 43

Socially

Question 44

In imitating gender, drag reveals the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ structure of gender itself.

Answer 44

imitative

Question 45

Cameron believes that any noticeable language differences in gender are because of the e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ placed on us by society and not because of biological.

Answer 45

expectations