Gender Theory Flashcards Master

1
Q

Whose research can be linked to the deficit model?

A

Robin Lakoff & Otto Jespersen

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2
Q

What is the central idea behind the deficit theory in language and gender studies?

A

The deficit theory suggests that women’s language is inferior to men’s, with male language seen as the standard

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3
Q

Name 2 of the language features in Lakoff’s Deficit Model?

A

Hedges, super-politeness, hypercorrectness, tag questions, apologies, empty adjectives, use of implication, intensifiers, question intonation, diminutives

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4
Q

Whose research criticised Lakoff?

A

O’Barr and Atkins

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5
Q

Who is Robin Lakoff and what is her contribution to the deficit theory?

A

Robin Lakoff is a linguist who, in her 1975 book, Language and Woman’s Place, suggested that women’s language includes features that highlight their uncertainty and powerlessness.

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6
Q

What did O’Barr & Atkins find in their criticism?

A

O’Barr and Atkins’ courtroom study found that the “women’s language” features Lakoff identified were more closely linked to powerlessness than gender, as men also used these features when in a less powerful position.

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7
Q

Who was Otto Jespersen and what did he contribute to the deficit theory?

A

Otto Jespersen was a Danish linguist who, in 1922, suggested women talk a lot, use simpler words, and are emotional, not grammatical. His work is now considered folk linguistics.

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8
Q

What is “folk linguistics” and how does it relate to Jespersen’s claims?

A

Folk linguistics refers to basic and flawed ideas about language that are anecdotal rather than based on reliable research. Jespersen’s work is considered folk linguistics because his claims about women’s language were not based on sound research methods.

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9
Q

The Dominance Model is a response to which model?

A

The Deficit Model

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10
Q

What is the main idea behind the dominance theory in the context of language and gender?

A

The dominance theory posits that men’s language is superior and holds more dominance in society, while women’s language is seen as inferior.

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11
Q

The Dominance Model states that men deliberately behave in an uncooperative way when talking to women in order to?

A

Undermine and dominate them.

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12
Q

What does the dominance theory suggest about authority in interactions between men and women?

A

It suggests that men have more authority over women, and women are expected to be submissive.

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13
Q

Whose research can be linked to the dominance model?

A

Spender, Fishman , Zimmerman and West

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14
Q

According to Dale Spender, how is language “man-centric”?

A

Gender marked terms - e.g. chairman, Asymmetry of language e.g. master and mistress - language rules created by English grammarians that centered around the idea of male firstness e.g. boys and girls

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15
Q

Zimmerman and West looked at dominance through?

A

Turn taking

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16
Q

Which two irregularities in turn taking did Zimmerman and West look at?

A

Overlaps and Interruptions

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17
Q

Interruptions are seen as v _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the turn taking process

A

Violations

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18
Q

According to Zimmerman and West, in mixed sex interactions - interruptions are far more common in which gender?

A

Men

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19
Q

What is the criticism of Zimmerman and West?

A

Very small sample size, their classification of an interruption

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20
Q

How did Pamela Fishman study language and gender in American couples?

A

Pamela Fishman recorded and analysed 52 hours of conversations between young American couples in their homes.

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21
Q

Fishman noted that women used the tag question ‘y’know’ how many times more than men?

A

5 times

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22
Q

Fishman claimed that tag questions such as ‘y’know’ are used as an attempt by the woman speaking to stimulate a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from her male interlocutor.

A

response

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23
Q

What did Janet Holmes’s study find that is contrary to Lakoff’s claims?

A

That men and women use the same number of tags

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24
Q

Fishman said that women undertake ‘C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and adapt their conversations to help men.

A

‘Conversational Shitwork’

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25
What does Fishman mean when she describes women as doing "interactional shitwork"?
Fishman used this term to describe how women do the active maintenance in conversation, working harder to initiate and sustain dialogue, often using techniques to gain conversational power because men respond minimally
26
How does Spender interpret women's silence in conversations?
Spender interprets women's silence, fewer turns speaking/shorter contributions/ being interrupted and corrected or ignored, as a form of oppression
27
What is the core belief of the difference theory in language and gender studies?
The difference theory suggests that men and women have innate differences in their styles and functions of speech and writing due to socialisation
28
The Difference Model states that men and women use language for different?
purposes
29
Who is Deborah Tannen, and what is her main contribution to the difference theory?
Deborah Tannen is a key proponent of the difference theory, arguing that men and women learn different ways of communicating through socialisation, which influences them in adult life. Her book, You Just Don't Understand, illustrates the various ways that men and women use language through 6 contrasts
30
According to Tannen, what is a key way in which male-female conversation can be described?
Tannen stated that "Male-female conversation is cross-cultural communication"
31
Tannen said that men and women's language is different because of differences in upbringing and social _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
conditioning
32
According to Tannen, women's conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ talk and is used to establish and maintain relationships.
rapport
33
According to Tannen, men's conversation is _ _ _ _ _ _ talk and is predominantly used to give information.
report
34
What is the binary opposite of the following: Status v _________
support
35
What is the binary opposite of the following: Independence v _________
Intimacy
36
What is the binary opposite of the following: advice v __________
understanding
37
What is the binary opposite of the following: information v __________
Feelings
38
What is the binary opposite of the following: orders v __________
Proposals
39
What is the main idea behind the diversity model in language and gender studies?
The diversity model suggests that a speaker's experience and status have more of an effect on their speech than their gender. It recognises the importance of individual differences among men and women.
40
How does the diversity model view gender in relation to other aspects of identity?
It views gender as one element of identity and considers the intersectionality of different aspects of identity.
41
What is intersectionality?
Intersectionality, is the concept of viewing gender as one element of our identity while considering different aspects of our identity. The diversity model incorporates intersectionality. It moves away from the idea of simply comparing genders against each other, and acknowledges the importance of individual differences among men and women.
42
The Diversity Model opposes ideas of "biological d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ "
determinism
43
According to the Diversity Model, what is language influenced by?
The roles we play in society and the way we interact socially with others.
44
How does Jenny Cheshire's Reading study (1982) support the diversity model?
Cheshire considered male and female differences but also considered individual differences in the use of non-standard linguistic forms by teenagers. She found that the use of non standard English and slang was linked to the teen's subculture.
45
What did Cheshire find about girls' language use in relation to prestige forms?
Cheshire found that girls tended more than boys to alter their language to a prestige form when speaking to their teacher.
46
According to Cheshire, what was a key factor in girls' use of nonstandard forms?
The degree to which they felt affiliated to the local youth subculture of appearing tough.
47
What is the name of Janet Hyde's Hypothesis?
Gender Similarities Hypothesis
48
What does Janet Hyde claim in her hypothesis?
That there are far more similarities between female and male speech than differences.
49
What did O'Barr and Atkins discover in their Courtroom Study?
that the differences that Lakoff identified are not necessarily the result of being a woman, but of being powerless.
50
O'Barr and Atkins discovered that the differences that Lakoff identified are not necessarily the result of being a woman, but are a result of being _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Powerless
51
O'Barr and Atkins suggested that the features described by Lakoff as 'Women's Language' should be re-named to?
Powerless Language
52
Deborah Cameron argues that sex difference in language is a _ _ _
myth
53
Cameron argues that women speak more because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ means more to women
communication
54
Cameron argues that men use language competitively to gain
status
55
Cameron argues that men and women talk so differently that m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ often arises between the sexes
miscommunication
56
Cameron argues that language is a p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
peformance
57
Cameron used the phrase v _ _ _ _ _ h _ _ _ _ _ _ to refer to the ways in which people regulate their language and communication to conform to social expectations and norms.
'verbal hygiene'
58
What is verbal hygiene, according to Deborah Cameron?
Verbal Hygiene is a term coined by Deborah Cameron (1995) to describe the political correctness movement that sought to ‘clean up’ language and avoid sexist or discriminatory language.
59
Who introduced the theory of gender performativity?
Judith Butler introduced the theory of gender performativity in their 1990 text Gender Trouble.
60
What is the main idea behind performativity theory in language and gender studies?
Performativity theory suggests that gender is constructed by individuals and is something that we "do" rather than what we "are".
61
Butler say that gender is not linked to biology. Instead, it is a series of r _ _ _ _ _ a _ _ _ that imitate expected gender roles and norms that we repeat constantly.
Ritual Acts
62
What does Butler mean when they say that gender is not a "costume"?
Butler explains that gender is not something one puts on and takes off, but rather an act that creates an identity
63
According to Butler, how does performing gender "correctly" affect an individual's role in society?
Performing gender “correctly” gives us a designated role in society and allows us to be recognized as a full, “real” subject.
64
Butler believes that _ _ _ _ _ _ is constructed through language, not the other way round
Gender
65
Butler claims that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ performances expose the performative nature of femininity
Drag Queen
66
In drag, men perform the gender norms we expect of women. They show that behaviour that seems natural and linked to biology is, in fact a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ determined performance.
Socially
67
In imitating gender, drag reveals the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ structure of gender itself.
imitative
68
Cameron believes that any noticeable language differences in gender are because of the e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ placed on us by society and not because of biological.
expectations