Social Class Theory

Question 1

A prestige variety is a type of language that carries _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ connotations

Answer 1

Positive

Question 2

A stigmatised variety is one that carries _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ connotations

Answer 2

Negative

Question 3

Accent describes the _ _ _ _ _ _ that people make when they pronounce words.

Answer 3

Sounds

Question 4

English has one non-regional accent. What is it?

Answer 4

Received Pronunciation

Question 5

Which social class is Received Pronunciation often associated with?

Answer 5

Upper or Middle Class. NOT WORKING CLASS

Question 6

There is only one regionless accent. Which one is it?

Answer 6

Received Pronunciation

Question 7

Dialect describes the _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ that people use

Answer 7

Words and grammar

Question 8

English has a non-regional dialect. What is it?

Answer 8

Standard English

Question 9

What is the prestige dialect of British English?

Answer 9

Standard English

Question 10

The prestige of a variety describes the _ _ _ _ _ that members of a speech community place on it.

Answer 10

Value

Question 11

R.P. and Standard English have ‘_ _ _ _ prestige’ because they’re associated with rich, educated, powerful or successful people.

Answer 11

high

Question 12

This kind of prestige that R.P and Standard English is called ‘_ _ _ _ _ prestige’ as the benefits it brings, such as a positive social image, are obvious.

Answer 12

Overt

Question 13

Non-prestige forms sometimes have ‘_ _ _ _ _ _ prestige.’ This means that speakers maintain the use of non-prestige forms in order to appear tough or to display pride and loyalty to one’s class or home.

Answer 13

Covert

Question 14

Working class varieties of speech (for examples those of Liverpool or Birmingham) are often the most ‘_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties.’

Answer 14

Stigmatised

Question 15

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties have low social status and they carry with them connotations of unemployment, poverty, criminality, lack of sophistication, lack of education and lack of ambition.

Answer 15

Stigmatised

Question 16

Prescriptivism attemps to say what language _ _ _ _ _ _ be like

Answer 16

should

Question 17

Descriptivism attempts to say what language is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ like rather than what it should be like.

Answer 17

actually

Question 18

Descriptivist don’t refer to right and wrong or good and bad in language but instead describe the kinds of language people really _ _ _

Answer 18

use

Question 19

Prescriptivists tend to correct people into _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ English and RP-like forms

Answer 19

standard

Question 20

Change the following into what a prescriptivist would deem correct: You and me should do it.

Answer 20

You and I should do it

Question 21

What would you call the following term: I haven’t got nothing.

Answer 21

Multiple negation

Question 22

What is the name of the theorist who studied restricted and elaborate code?

Answer 22

Basil Bernstein

Question 23

Bernstein claimed that the differences in language used were caused by the kinds of language working and middle class children _ _ _ _ _ and used

Answer 23

heard

Question 24

Restricted Code is the kind of language family and friends use in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ settings

Answer 24

informal

Question 25

Restricted code is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . It relies on you being close to and familiar with the people you’re speaking to.

Answer 25

implicit

Question 26

Bernstein observed that working class pupils tended to stay more in their _ _ _ _ area

Answer 26

home

Question 27

Elaborated Code is far more _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 27

explicit

Question 28

Elaborated code doesn’t assume any shared background or prior _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 28

knowledge

Question 29

Because middle class speakers have a wider variety of contexts with lots of different speakers, there was a need for them to learn which code?

Answer 29

Elaborate code

Question 30

Bernstein believed that _ _ _ _ _ did, to some extent, determine the language we use

Answer 30

class

Question 31

Because Bernstein claimed that middle class speakers changed code according to their audience, it suggests that it’s not class but _ _ _ _ _ _ _ that determines the language used.

Answer 31

context

Question 32

Bernstein believed that middle class speakers were able to change the code they are speaking in, according to who?

Answer 32

Their audience

Question 33

Bernstein claimed that both codes are useful and neither is?

Answer 33

wrong

Question 34

Restricted code is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , as it conveys a vast amount of meaning with a few words

Answer 34

economical

Question 35

Which code spells everything out, is complete and full of detail.

Answer 35

elaborate code

Question 36

Bernstein found that all families use restricted code, but which social class tend only to use restricted code

Answer 36

working class

Question 37

Because the language used in schools is mainly elaborated code, Bernstein, argues that this gives middle-class children an ?

Answer 37

an advantage

Question 38

Bernstein says that the language used in schools is mainly which code?

Answer 38

elaborate code

Question 39

What is the name of the theorist who conducted the Norwich Study?

Answer 39

Peter Trudgill

Question 40

Trudgill studied which consonant in words like walking and running?

Answer 40

The final consonant

Question 41

In standard British English, the sound spelled “ng” is a _ _ _ _ _ nasal

Answer 41

velar nasal

Question 42

The /n/ sound is an _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nasal

Answer 42

alveolar nasal

Question 43

Using the alveolar nasal (/n/) rather than the velar nasal is called what?

Answer 43

g-dropping

Question 44

What is the symbol for the alveolar nasal sound?

Answer 44

/n/

Question 45

What is the symbol for the velar nasal sound?

Answer 45

An n with a curl on the bottom of the right hand line

Question 46

Trudghill found that there is a direct link between social class and a _ _ _ _ _

Answer 46

accent

Question 47

Trudgill found that there is a direct _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ between class and use of the “ng” sound

Answer 47

correlation

Question 48

Trudgill found that the _ _ _ _ _ _ the class, the more you use it.

Answer 48

higher

Question 49

What do all the social classes adjust, according to the style they’re speaking in?

Answer 49

g- dropping or the alveolar nasal

Question 50

Trudgill found that there is an _ _ _ _ _ _ _ correlation between formality and ‘g dropping’.

Answer 50

Inverse