Ethnicity Theory Flashcards Master

Question 1

Ethnicity refers to one’s family _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, linking one historically and culturally to places where one’s antecedents lived.

Answer 1

heritage

Question 2

Pidgins and creoles are languages that draw their lexis largely from one language, but 3 things from several others. What are those 3 things?

Answer 2

Syntax, grammar and phonology

Question 3

Many Pidgins and Creoles are based on European languages in areas that have been _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by European nations.

Answer 3

Colonised

Question 4

Communities start by creating a pidgin, which many people speak but which isn’t any community’s _ _ _ _ _ language.

Answer 4

First

Question 5

If a pidgin survives, what does it become?

Answer 5

A creole

Question 6

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ often provides the right conditions for the development of a pidgin.

Answer 6

Colonisation

Question 7

If two speech communities meet and their need to communicate lasts long enough for it to be worthwhile, usually one of the languages will become _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and will be used by both communities.

Answer 7

Dominant

Question 8

A creole is the first, second or third language of a community?

Answer 8

First

Question 9

A pidgin is a language that has grown up between communities that do not have a mutually _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ language.

Answer 9

intelligible

Question 10

What does intelligible mean?

Answer 10

Easily understood?

Question 11

Pidgins most often serve the function of a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or trading language

Answer 11

Lingua franca

Question 12

A lingua franca is most usually concerned with what?

Answer 12

Routine communication between different communities e.g. buying and selling

Question 13

A pidgin isn’t anyone’s _ _ __ _ _ language.

Answer 13

first

Question 14

Once the pidgin is used as a speech communities first language, what does it become?

Answer 14

A creole

Question 15

It was the policy of the colonial government to divide _ _ _ _ _ _ communities

Answer 15

Speech

Question 16

The slaves developed pidgin languages in order to c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with each other.

Answer 16

Communicate

Question 17

The _ _ _ _ _ of these languages tended to be drawn from English because it was the only language that they had in common.

Answer 17

lexis

Question 18

The grammar and phonology was often drawn from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and the original African languages of the workers.

Answer 18

English

Question 19

Jamaican creole is also known as which other names?

Answer 19

Patwa or Patois

Question 20

What is the prestige form in Jamaica?

Answer 20

Standard English

Question 21

Because Standard English is the most prestige form in Jamaica, it means that, over time, Patwa is becoming increasingly like Standard English. What do we call this process?

Answer 21

Decreolisation

Question 22

From the late 1940s, which people began to move to the UK, many speaking a language on the Creole continuum?

Answer 22

Caribbean people

Question 23

Which variety decreolised and their children’s language decreolised further, after living in Britain for some time?

Answer 23

Black British English

Question 24

‘I’m goinng home, innit’ is an example of which BBE feature?

Answer 24

Universal tag question

Question 25

‘She eat apples’ is an example of which BBE feature?

Answer 25

Omission of the +s inflection from third person singular verbs in the present tense

Question 26

‘Two apple’ is an example of which BBE feature?

Answer 26

Unmarked plural noun

Question 27

‘He good’ is an example of which BBE feature?

Answer 27

Omission of the copular verb ‘to be’ in sentences with complement phrases

Question 28

From the 1960s, contact between Jamaican-British people and their white (usually working class) neighbours in school, at work and socially, lead to what?

Answer 28

‘Crossing’

Question 29

What does the term ‘crossing’ mean?

Answer 29

This is when Jamaican-British people and their white (usually working class) neighoburs are exposed to both Jamaican English and Cockney and style shift between the two varieties.

Question 30

Style shifting between Jamaican English and Cockney (ie crossing) began to gain which type of prestige?

Answer 30

Covert Prestige

Question 31

Style shifting between Jamaican English and Cockney (ie crossing) was beginning to be used by which other people?

Answer 31

Some white and Asian people who didn’t have a black peer group

Question 32

Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and _ _ _ _ to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)

Answer 32

good

Question 33

Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)

Answer 33

Assertiveness

Question 34

Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)

Answer 34

Competence

Question 35

Multicultural British English (MBE) also known as Multicultural London English, is a variety of English that combines elements of what?

Answer 35

Creole, Standard British English and influences from many other languages.

Question 36

What does MBE stand for?

Answer 36

Multicultural British English

Question 37

MBE is associated with Black British speakers but is actually used by?

Answer 37

A much wider demographic.

Question 38

MBE is strongly associated with which people?

Answer 38

Younger people

Question 39

MBE is different from other regional varieties as it doesn’t have u _ _ _ _ _ _ _ characteristics shared by its speakers

Answer 39

Uniform

Question 40

MBE has a _ _ _ _ of characteristics from which speakers draw a number depending on age, ethnicity, region and identity.

Answer 40

Pool

Question 41

The local _ _ _ _ _ _ population has an impact on the features used in MBE.

Answer 41

Ethnic

Question 42

What does ‘bare’ mean in MBE?

Answer 42

Many (adjective) Very (adverb)

Question 43

What does ‘beef’ mean in MBE?

Answer 43

Disagreement or conflict (noun)

Question 44

What does ‘choong’ mean in MBE?

Answer 44

Attractive (adjective)

Question 45

What does ‘ting’ mean in MBE?

Answer 45

Thing (noun) Girlfriend (noun)

Question 46

What does ‘endz’ mean in MBE?

Answer 46

Neighbourhood (noun)

Question 47

Is MBE h-dropping or non h-dropping?

Answer 47

Non h-dropping

Question 48

One grammatical feature of MBE is when they say ‘mandem’ - What term can we use for this?

Answer 48

Dem as a plural marker

Question 49

How would a speaker of MBE say ‘ask’?

Answer 49

a:ks

Question 50

Man went to Hackney’ ‘Dem man gone’ ‘Us man leaving’ are all examples of what from MBE?

Answer 50

‘Man’ as a pronoun.

Question 51

In MBE, the following sentence is common: ‘The woman who be in the office’ - What can you say about the verb ‘be’

Answer 51

Copular ‘Be’ used consistently before complements

Question 52

What is Code Mixing?

Answer 52

Occasionally inserting words or phrases from one language into another.

Question 53

What is Code Switching?

Answer 53

Moving from one language into another for a longer period.

Question 54

Code switching and mixing can also be a way of signalling a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with an interlocutor

Answer 54

Relationship