Ethnicity Theory Flashcards Master

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1
Q

Ethnicity refers to one’s family _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, linking one historically and culturally to places where one’s antecedents lived.

A

heritage

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2
Q

Pidgins and creoles are languages that draw their lexis largely from one language, but 3 things from several others. What are those 3 things?

A

Syntax, grammar and phonology

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3
Q

Many Pidgins and Creoles are based on European languages in areas that have been _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by European nations.

A

Colonised

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4
Q

Communities start by creating a pidgin, which many people speak but which isn’t any community’s _ _ _ _ _ language.

A

First

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5
Q

If a pidgin survives, what does it become?

A

A creole

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6
Q

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ often provides the right conditions for the development of a pidgin.

A

Colonisation

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7
Q

If two speech communities meet and their need to communicate lasts long enough for it to be worthwhile, usually one of the languages will become _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and will be used by both communities.

A

Dominant

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8
Q

A creole is the first, second or third language of a community?

A

First

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9
Q

A pidgin is a language that has grown up between communities that do not have a mutually _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ language.

A

intelligible

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10
Q

What does intelligible mean?

A

Easily understood?

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11
Q

Pidgins most often serve the function of a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or trading language

A

Lingua franca

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12
Q

A lingua franca is most usually concerned with what?

A

Routine communication between different communities e.g. buying and selling

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13
Q

A pidgin isn’t anyone’s _ _ __ _ _ language.

A

first

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14
Q

Once the pidgin is used as a speech communities first language, what does it become?

A

A creole

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15
Q

It was the policy of the colonial government to divide _ _ _ _ _ _ communities

A

Speech

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16
Q

The slaves developed pidgin languages in order to c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with each other.

A

Communicate

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17
Q

The _ _ _ _ _ of these languages tended to be drawn from English because it was the only language that they had in common.

A

lexis

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18
Q

The grammar and phonology was often drawn from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and the original African languages of the workers.

A

English

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19
Q

Jamaican creole is also known as which other names?

A

Patwa or Patois

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20
Q

What is the prestige form in Jamaica?

A

Standard English

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21
Q

Because Standard English is the most prestige form in Jamaica, it means that, over time, Patwa is becoming increasingly like Standard English. What do we call this process?

A

Decreolisation

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22
Q

From the late 1940s, which people began to move to the UK, many speaking a language on the Creole continuum?

A

Caribbean people

23
Q

Which variety decreolised and their children’s language decreolised further, after living in Britain for some time?

A

Black British English

24
Q

‘I’m goinng home, innit’ is an example of which BBE feature?

A

Universal tag question

25
Q

‘She eat apples’ is an example of which BBE feature?

A

Omission of the +s inflection from third person singular verbs in the present tense

26
Q

‘Two apple’ is an example of which BBE feature?

A

Unmarked plural noun

27
Q

‘He good’ is an example of which BBE feature?

A

Omission of the copular verb ‘to be’ in sentences with complement phrases

28
Q

From the 1960s, contact between Jamaican-British people and their white (usually working class) neighbours in school, at work and socially, lead to what?

A

‘Crossing’

29
Q

What does the term ‘crossing’ mean?

A

This is when Jamaican-British people and their white (usually working class) neighoburs are exposed to both Jamaican English and Cockney and style shift between the two varieties.

30
Q

Style shifting between Jamaican English and Cockney (ie crossing) began to gain which type of prestige?

A

Covert Prestige

31
Q

Style shifting between Jamaican English and Cockney (ie crossing) was beginning to be used by which other people?

A

Some white and Asian people who didn’t have a black peer group

32
Q

Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and _ _ _ _ to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)

A

good

33
Q

Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)

A

Assertiveness

34
Q

Professor Ben Rampton (King’s London) says that: “Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority” (2010)

A

Competence

35
Q

Multicultural British English (MBE) also known as Multicultural London English, is a variety of English that combines elements of what?

A

Creole, Standard British English and influences from many other languages.

36
Q

What does MBE stand for?

A

Multicultural British English

37
Q

MBE is associated with Black British speakers but is actually used by?

A

A much wider demographic.

38
Q

MBE is strongly associated with which people?

A

Younger people

39
Q

MBE is different from other regional varieties as it doesn’t have u _ _ _ _ _ _ _ characteristics shared by its speakers

A

Uniform

40
Q

MBE has a _ _ _ _ of characteristics from which speakers draw a number depending on age, ethnicity, region and identity.

A

Pool

41
Q

The local _ _ _ _ _ _ population has an impact on the features used in MBE.

A

Ethnic

42
Q

What does ‘bare’ mean in MBE?

A

Many (adjective) Very (adverb)

43
Q

What does ‘beef’ mean in MBE?

A

Disagreement or conflict (noun)

44
Q

What does ‘choong’ mean in MBE?

A

Attractive (adjective)

45
Q

What does ‘ting’ mean in MBE?

A

Thing (noun) Girlfriend (noun)

46
Q

What does ‘endz’ mean in MBE?

A

Neighbourhood (noun)

47
Q

Is MBE h-dropping or non h-dropping?

A

Non h-dropping

48
Q

One grammatical feature of MBE is when they say ‘mandem’ - What term can we use for this?

A

Dem as a plural marker

49
Q

How would a speaker of MBE say ‘ask’?

A

a:ks

50
Q

Man went to Hackney’ ‘Dem man gone’ ‘Us man leaving’ are all examples of what from MBE?

A

‘Man’ as a pronoun.

51
Q

In MBE, the following sentence is common: ‘The woman who be in the office’ - What can you say about the verb ‘be’

A

Copular ‘Be’ used consistently before complements

52
Q

What is Code Mixing?

A

Occasionally inserting words or phrases from one language into another.

53
Q

What is Code Switching?

A

Moving from one language into another for a longer period.

54
Q

Code switching and mixing can also be a way of signalling a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with an interlocutor

A

Relationship