Ethnicity Theory Flashcards Master

Question 1

Ethnicity refers to one’s family _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, linking one historically and culturally to places where one’s antecedents lived.

Answer 1

heritage

Question 2

Pidgins and creoles are languages that draw their lexis largely from one language, but 3 things from several others. What are those 3 things?

Answer 2

Syntax, grammar and phonology

Question 3

Many Pidgins and Creoles are based on European languages in areas that have been _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by European nations.

Answer 3

Colonised

Question 4

Communities start by creating a pidgin, which many people speak but which isn’t any community’s _ _ _ _ _ language.

Answer 4

First

Question 5

If a pidgin survives, what does it become?

Answer 5

A creole

Question 6

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ often provides the right conditions for the development of a pidgin.

Answer 6

Colonisation

Question 7

If two speech communities meet and their need to communicate lasts long enough for it to be worthwhile, usually one of the languages will become _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and will be used by both communities.

Answer 7

Dominant

Question 8

A creole is the first, second or third language of a community?

Answer 8

First

Question 9

A pidgin is a language that has grown up between communities that do not have a mutually _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ language.

Answer 9

intelligible

Question 10

What does intelligible mean?

Answer 10

Easily understood?

Question 11

Pidgins most often serve the function of a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or trading language

Answer 11

Lingua franca

Question 12

A lingua franca is most usually concerned with what?

Answer 12

Routine communication between different communities e.g. buying and selling

Question 13

A pidgin isn’t anyone’s _ _ __ _ _ language.

Answer 13

first

Question 14

Once the pidgin is used as a speech communities first language, what does it become?

Answer 14

A creole

Question 15

It was the policy of the colonial government to divide _ _ _ _ _ _ communities

Answer 15

Speech

Question 16

The slaves developed pidgin languages in order to c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with each other.

Answer 16

Communicate

Question 17

The _ _ _ _ _ of these languages tended to be drawn from English because it was the only language that they had in common.

Answer 17

lexis

Question 18

The grammar and phonology was often drawn from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and the original African languages of the workers.

Answer 18

English

Question 19

Jamaican creole is also known as which other names?

Answer 19

Patwa or Patois

Question 20

What is the prestige form in Jamaica?

Answer 20

Standard English

Question 21

Because Standard English is the most prestige form in Jamaica, it means that, over time, Patwa is becoming increasingly like Standard English. What do we call this process?

Answer 21

Decreolisation

Question 22

From the late 1940s, which people began to move to the UK, many speaking a language on the Creole continuum?

Answer 22

Caribbean people

Question 23

From the 1960s, contact between Jamaican-British people and their white (usually working class) neighbours in school, at work and socially, lead to what?

Answer 23

‘Crossing’

Question 24

What does the term ‘crossing’ mean?

Answer 24

This is when Jamaican-British people and their white (usually working class) neighoburs are exposed to both Jamaican English and Cockney and style shift between the two varieties.

Question 25

Style shifting between Jamaican English and Cockney (ie crossing) began to gain which type of prestige?

Answer 25

Covert Prestige

Question 26

Professor Ben Rampton (King's London) says that: "Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and _ _ _ _ to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority" (2010)

Answer 26

good

Question 27

Professor Ben Rampton (King's London) says that: "Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , verbal resourcefulness, competence in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority" (2010)

Answer 27

Assertiveness

Question 28

Professor Ben Rampton (King's London) says that: "Creole was widely seen as cool, tough and good to use. It was associated with assertiveness, verbal resourcefulness, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in heterosexual relationships and opposition to authority" (2010)

Answer 28

Competence

Question 29

Multicultural British English (MBE) also known as Multicultural London English, is a variety of English that combines elements of what?

Answer 29

Creole, Standard British English and influences from many other languages.

Question 30

What does MBE stand for?

Answer 30

Multicultural British English

Question 31

MBE is associated with Black British speakers but is actually used by?

Answer 31

A much wider demographic.

Question 32

MBE is strongly associated with which people?

Answer 32

Younger people

Question 33

MBE is different from other regional varieties as it doesn't have u _ _ _ _ _ _ _ characteristics shared by its speakers

Answer 33

Uniform

Question 34

MBE has a _ _ _ _ of characteristics from which speakers draw a number depending on age, ethnicity, region and identity.

Answer 34

Pool

Question 35

The local _ _ _ _ _ _ population has an impact on the features used in MBE.

Answer 35

Ethnic

Question 36

What does 'bare' mean in MBE?

Answer 36

Many (adjective) Very (adverb)

Question 37

What does 'beef' mean in MBE?

Answer 37

Disagreement or conflict (noun)

Question 38

What does 'choong' mean in MBE?

Answer 38

Attractive (adjective)

Question 39

What does 'ting' mean in MBE?

Answer 39

Thing (noun) Girlfriend (noun)

Question 40

What does 'endz' mean in MBE?

Answer 40

Neighbourhood (noun)

Question 41

Is MBE h-dropping or non h-dropping?

Answer 41

Non h-dropping

Question 42

One grammatical feature of MBE is when they say 'mandem' - What term can we use for this?

Answer 42

Dem as a plural marker

Question 43

How would a speaker of MBE say 'ask'?

Answer 43

a:ks

Question 44

Man went to Hackney' 'Dem man gone' 'Us man leaving' are all examples of what from MBE?

Answer 44

'Man' as a pronoun.

Question 45

In MBE, the following sentence is common: 'The woman who be in the office' - What can you say about the verb 'be'

Answer 45

Copular 'Be' used consistently before complements

Question 46

What is Code Mixing?

Answer 46

Occasionally inserting words or phrases from one language into another.

Question 47

What is Code Switching?

Answer 47

Moving from one language into another for a longer period.

Question 48

Code switching and mixing can also be a way of signalling a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with an interlocutor

Answer 48

Relationship

Question 49

What is an ethnolect?

Answer 49

A variety of language related to a specific ethnic group. However, the term can be viewed negatively as it creates a division between ethnic minority groups and the dominant population.

Question 50

What is style-shifting?

Answer 50

When monolingual speakers use different varieties of the same language, such as a regional or ethnic dialect and a more standard variety.

Question 51

What is linguistic appropriacy?

Answer 51

Making decisions about what language is the right kind to use in different situations and contexts.

Question 52

What is a heritage language?

Answer 52

A language that is not the dominant language in the society in which somebody lives, yet it is one that is spoken at home.

Question 53

What is a multiethnolect?

Answer 53

The language of modern urban contexts, highlighting the multicultural nature of societies and the many competing influences on language.

Question 54

What is a resistance identity?

Answer 54

An identity that goes against the mainstream culture, which John Pitts (2012) suggested young black English speakers were shifting towards.

Question 55

What is Jafaican?

Answer 55

A derogatory media label responding to the inaccurate perception that MLE was a "fake" variety of Jamaican Patois.

Question 56

Name three phonological features of MLE.

Answer 56

Shortening of long vowels, reversal of h-dropping, th-fronting, th-stopping, yod dropping

Question 57

Give three examples of lexical items common in MLE.

Answer 57

Nang (cool), dag (uncool), creps (trainers), blud (brother), sket (slutty girls), whagwan (what’s up?), akh (male friend), bare (very/ a lot), allow it (stop), peng (attractive).

Question 58

What did Gary Ives' 2014 Bradford study investigate?

Answer 58

Code-switching between English and Punjabi among teenagers in Bradford.

Question 59

What were the key findings of Ives' Bradford study?

Answer 59

Code-switching was a conscious choice to show group identity and exclude others.

Question 60

What criticisms can be made of Gary Ives' Bradford study?

Answer 60

Small sample size and lack of variation within the participants.

Question 61

What did Sharma's 2011 study focus on?

Answer 61

How Punjabi-speaking Indians in West London pronounce English in different situations.

Question 62

What were the findings of Sharma's 2011 study?

Answer 62

Speakers used more Indian English variants when speaking with other Indian English speakers or when expressing personal or political outrage or cultural insult.

Question 63

What did Drummond's 2012 study investigate?

Answer 63

The pronunciation of -ing forms by Polish adults living in Manchester.

Question 64

What were the key findings of Drummond's 2012 study?

Answer 64

Female Polish speakers used the 'in' pronunciation more often than 'ing', and future plans affected pronunciation, signaling allegiance to one culture or another.

Question 65

How can negative attitudes towards ethnolects affect people in the legal system?

Answer 65

Court stenographers/ those transcribing speech often misunderstand Black English, and their mistakes could affect people’s lives at crucial junctures.

Question 66

What was Paul Kerswill's research question regarding language and social evaluation?

Answer 66

Who gets to decide how a particular variety of English is evaluated? And how do varieties come to be socially indexed in a particular way?

Question 67

What methods did Paul Kerswill use in his chapter "The objectification of ‘Jafaican’ : the discoursal embedding of Multicultural London English in the British media"?

Answer 67

Kerswill used a mixed-methods approach: ▪ A search of entries for 'Jafaican' in the Urban Dictionary ▪ Quantitative analysis using a commercial online database of English newspapers ▪ Discourse analysis of text samples from print and broadcast media

Question 68

What did Kerswill's analysis reveal about the use of the term 'Jafaican' over time?

Answer 68

The use of the term 'Jafaican' varies over time, first emerging in 2006, then falling out of use, but resurfacing in 2010 and 2011. The term is frequently collocated with the verb 'dubbed'.

Question 69

What range of attitudes towards Jafaican did Kerswill's discourse analysis reveal in the media?

Answer 69

The discourse analysis reveals a range of ways of talking about Jafaican in the media, including: ▪ Negative: inappropriate in formal contexts; cultural threat to gender equality; bad language, challenging dress style and bad behaviour; hindering educational achievement and social mobility; a threat to the Cockney dialect ▪ Neutral/positive: a natural linguistic development; a sign of belonging: are you ‘in the know’?; a norm in the British music industry; ‘foreign’, but not (yet) a threat