World Englishes Flashcards
What is Diaspora?
A dispersal or spreading from a central point
What is an L1 speaker?
First or native language
What is an L2 speaker?
Second language used to meet a communicatie need, learned to a high level, own varieties of language
What is English as a Foreign Language?
When English is taught as an additional language with no own varieties
What is English as a Lingua Franca?
A language two people with different native languages use to communicate
What is a Prescriptivist?
Set out rules for what is thought as correct langauge, say how they believe language should be not as it is
What is a Descriptivist?
Describe how langauge is and when it happens not how they believe it should be
What is borrowing?
Borrowing words/ concepts from other languages
Streven’s Map of World Englishes (1980)
One of the first attempts to model the spread of English around the world, illustrates dominance of English, separates American and British English, reveals parts of world have been influenced by these two Englishes
Criticisms of Streven’s Map of World Englishes
Suggests hierarchy with British and American Englishes at the top, doesn’t reflect the sub varieties within each country
Kachru’s circles (1985)
Inner Circle: L1 speakers, provides norms that other varieties are measured by
Outer Circle: L2 speakers, English as a second language, have their own varieties
Expanding Circle: English as a lingua franca, practical purpose for communication with others only, not an official langauge
Criticisma of Kachru’s Circles
Weakening/ dilution fo correctness, doesn’t adress diversity of Englishes within the circles
McArthur’s Wheel model (1987)
Moves outwards from a central concept of being a “World Standard English”, splinters into 8 main regions within these there is main Standrd English variety and non-standard forms of these
Positives of McArthur’s Wheel model
Implies an equality between different varieties of English
Criticisms of McArthur’s Wheel Model
Theoretical at best, no standard form has emerged to unify the main 8 regions
Schneider’s 5 stages Model of Colonisation
1: Foundation
2: Exonormative Stabilisation
3: Nativisation
4: Endonormative Stabilisation
5: Differentiation
Phase one: Foundtion
English first appears in non-English speaking territory
Phase two: Exonormative Stabilisation
English begins to be used, norms are taken from outside eg. native English speakers
Phase three: Nativisation
English becomes more normalised with some influence from within
Phase four: Endonormative Stabilisation
Country gains independance and the English being spoken there developed it’s own sense of standards and norms
Phase Five: Differentiation
New variety develops its own regional and social variations
David Crystal’s views on Global English
English’s growth has become “so great that there is nothing likely to stop its continued spread as a global lingua franca”
predicts a World Standard Spoken English will evolve
