Gender

Question 1

What are the four D’s?

Answer 1

Dominance
Defecit
Diversity
Difference

Question 2

What is the Dominance theory?

Answer 2

Men have more power and authority and men are seen as controlling and dominating

Question 3

Schulz and Lakoff

Answer 3

Conducted research into the terms in which men and women are reffered to suc as marked terms and semantic derogation

Question 4

What are marked terms?

Answer 4

When a suffix is added at the end of a term or word to diminis the role or meaning usually ess eg. actress, hostess

Question 5

What is semantic derogation?

Answer 5

Where words have gained negative connotations as time has progressed eg. masters female equivalent is mistress which has connotations of prostitution

Question 6

Janet Holmes

Answer 6

Looked into the way which women are referred to in affectionate names, semantic field of food and animals eg. Sugar honey bitch cow

Question 7

Stanley (1970s)

Answer 7

Examined number of insults for women against men
220 insults to describe promiscuous women and 20 for men

Question 8

Tyler Drew-Honey (2015)

Answer 8

Asked people in the streets how they would describe a woman who slept with 30 men and a mean who slept with 30 women
Woman= slag and slut
Man= lad

Question 9

Dale Spender

Answer 9

Culture of “male is norm” men are dominant models and women are add ons eg. Men always introduced first, mankind

Question 10

Germaine Greer

Answer 10

Tried to linguistically reclaim the term c*nt to remove negative connotations

Question 11

Zimmerman and West (1975)

Answer 11

Studies interruptions in conversations between men and women
Found men interrupted 96% to 100% more of the time
Small sample of subjects who were white middle class men under 35

Question 12

Beattie

Answer 12

Much larger representative and found there was an equal number of interruptions

Question 13

What is the deficit theory?

Answer 13

Women’s language is weak and contains weak traits

Question 14

Otto Jespersen

Answer 14

Investigated non fluency features eg. Fillers and pauses
Women speak without thinking and use more non fluenxybfeatures
Relies of evidence from literature and travellers, dismissed as folk linguistics

Question 15

Onnela

Answer 15

Disputes Jespersen’s research, found with masters there was a very similar mean length of utterance

Question 16

Robin Lakoff (1975)

Answer 16

Weak features of spoken language:
Hyper correct grammar
Over apologising
Empty adjectives
Tag questions
Overuse of intensifiers
Special lexicon
Less swearing
Lack sense of humour

Question 17

Kira Hall

Answer 17

Found that phone sex workers often made use of Lakoffs features to appear more feminine

Question 18

O’Barr and Atkins

Answer 18

Courtroom study, found lower class men use Lakoff’s language features in court, not to do with gender but power

Question 19

What is the difference theory?

Answer 19

The idea that men and women are inherently different

Question 20

Deborah Tannen

Answer 20

Advice vs understanding: men would rather find a solution than understand
Orders vs proposals: men = imperatives, women = requests
Status vs support: male = control women = supported
Information vs feelings: men = facts, women = emotional overview
Independence vs intimacy: men = independent women= intimacy of situations
Conflict vs compromise: women= compromise instead of conflict

Question 21

Tannen’s type of speakers

Answer 21

High involvement: take active role in conversation, leading conversation of back channeling
High considerateness: speak more slowly, avoid talking at the same time as someone else

Question 22

Report and rapport

Answer 22

Report: direct (men)
Rapport: used to create and sustain relationships (women)

Question 23

Jennifer Coates

Answer 23

Techniques used by women to maintain conversation and are signs of intelligence

Question 24

Deborah Jones

Answer 24

Researched gossiping among women and calls it house talk:
Scandal: discuss behaviour of others
Bitching: expression of anger as relief
Chatting: intimate form of gossip

Question 25

Deborah Cameron

Answer 25

Girls bitch covertly as dominant behaviour is more acceptable for women

Question 26

Pilkington

Answer 26

Locker room banter: created within all male groups, found insults were part of culture and create bonds

Question 27

Kuiper

Answer 27

Men use more insults and expletives

Question 28

What is the diversity model?

Answer 28

Gender isn’t the only thing that influences language such as upbringing and groups

Question 29

Valentova and Havlicek

Answer 29

Investigated someone’s percieved sexual orientation
Whether you could tell a man’s sexuality based on aesthetics and voice
Ppts could detect someone’s sexuality based on voice and how they looked
Certain femininity in the voice eg, elongated vowel

Question 30

Lavender linguistics

Answer 30

Describes the language of homosexuals
Leap believes the way homosexuals interact with heterosexuals and with other homosexuals claims it is a whole other language

Question 31

Judith Butler

Answer 31

Performativity: constrict your gender based on how you behave and the language you use