World Englishes Flashcards
How is Technology linked to the spread of English?
People are expected to communicate predominantly in English, the worldwide web.
– Sign some business.
– Age of control.
– necessary for international communication and used for political, economical and social power.
What has Migration done for English?
English has been spread through mass migration.
– Colonial expansion to English is India, Caribbean, Africa and the far east.
What is Streven’s World Map Model?
One of the first attempts to monitor the spread of English around the world.
– Dominant of English and separation of British and American English.
– Different parts of the world are influenced by these two English.
What is McArthur’s Model?
A world standard English centre around the varieties of English.
– Sectioned Geographically.
What is a Criticism to McArthur’s model?
McArthur’s model does not take him to account the multitude of European English is and the spread of it.
– It is also outdated and lack of technological impact.
What is Kachru’s Three Circle Model?
Inner circle: both British and Asian English.
– Canadian English utilises some French borrowings.
– Canada has a geographical divide.
– Used predominantly in government and daily life, with education and law.
Outer Circle: British control over the Indian government.
– divide those viewing English as the key to western knowledge and those wanting to preserve local classics.
– English=simple personal identity.
– used in social life and the government sector.
Expanding circle: communication with speakers of other languages.
– Business, politics and education.
– this is used as a foreign language by other speakers in the inner circle.
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What describes English as a Lingua Franca?
Jennifer Jenkins: five key characteristics.
– People of different languages communicator.
– Used as a functional tool, blending is not seen different.
– May include innovations that characterise local varieties of English, as well as “correct“ English.
– Linguistic accommodation and code switching. Considered useful for specific communication with each other.
– Language of proficient ELF uses, tends to use for description for possible codification.
What does Kim and Elder suggest?
Idiomatic expressions are misunderstood by Korean pilots and air staff.
– This requires a shared cultural background.
What does David Crystal Suggest?
The spread of English is so great that there is no stopping you becoming a Lingua Franca.
What does Graddol suggest?
The current global wave of English may be overturned by Chinese and Spanish.
What does McArthur suggest?
That English is going through a radical change and fragmenting into a family of languages.
What does Bruthiaux suggest?
Kenyan, Indian and Singaporean English is hard to understand as it sounds stressed.
