World English Flashcards
How did postwar affect present day English
postwar affected present day English as there was greater acceptance of things like regional variations and war led to immigration into countries such as the Windrush generation leading to multiculturalism
How has technology affected present day English
technology has affected present day English as it has resulted in a mass influx of new words such as laptopX wifi and iPhone
How has texting affected present day English
Texting has affected present day English as there is new ways to communicate, people are innovative with language when restricted characters on twitter and abbreviations like lol have came about
How does SHORTIS support texting
Linguist SHORTIS supports texting as it shows a level of creativity on the part of the texter
How does linguist HUMPHRYS criticise texting
Linguist HUMPHRYS criticises texting as it is “pillaging our punctuation, savaging our sentences and raping our vocabulary”
How many speakers of English is there on the planet according to David Crystal
According to David Crystal there is around 2 billion speakers of English on the planet, 400 million are native speakers
What are the categories of English speakers
The categories of English speakers are English as: a first language (native), a second language (official language of country), a foreign language and a lingua franca
Why has English spread
English has spread due to colonialism of the British Empire and the influence of America.
How was English brought to America
English was brought to America by British settlers who enslaved native Americans and learnt the language from them
What lexical borrowings did English use from Native Americans
The lexical borrowings English used was words from Native Americans such as skunk, squash and wigwam but there was not much else as English was wanted to be preserved
Why did American language change slightly
American language changed slightly as Noah Webster wrote a book which was to be used in schools which made edits to the orthography of words because America wanted to move away from Britain after the revolution.
What orthography was changed in Websters book
The orthography that was changed in Websters book was the removal of U from words like colourful, the reversed re digraph in words like theatre and the removal of double letters in words like travelling
What are Americanisms
Americanisms are words that have seeped in British English from America, around 300 to 400
What was Engels argument against Americanisms
Engels argument against Americanisms was that they are ugly, are driving out British English and resulting in British English loss of identity
What was Murphy argument against Engel on Americanisms
Murphys argument against Engel on Americanisms is that they aren’t ruining British English and they’re just exchanging words in both ways
What are some features of Indian English
Some features of Indian English are the use of “upgradation” as a noun, use of progressive forms of a stative verb and the pronunciation of /or/ as /oo/
What are Kachrus 3 concentric circles
Kachrus 3 concentric circles are inner circle, outer circle and expanding circle
What is Kachrus circle model
Kachrus circle model is a visual of variations of a English
What is Kachrus inner circle
Kachrus inner circle is the original Englishes - British and American
What is Kachrus outer circle
Kachrus outer circle is countries touched by English speakers due to imperialism
What is Kachrus expanding circle
Kachrus expanding circle is when English isn’t used in that country
Why did Kachru make the 3 concentric circle model
Kachru made the 3 concentric circle model to see the spread of English and why and see the spread of the empire
What are issues with Kachrus 3 concentric circle model
issues with Kachrus 3 concentric circle model are that it relies on geography rather than language use e.g. schools where English is taught, there is a grey area between the circles and it doesn’t account for bilingual speakers
What is a problem with coining “inner circle”
A problem with coining “inner circle” is that it suggests there is a sense of superiority as they’re central
What is the idea of MacArthurs model
The idea of McArthurs model is that you can group varieties of English based upon where they originate from and so they’re all of equal value
What is a challenge of McArthurs model
A challenge of McArthurs model is that British English is the origin so some consider it should be worth more fame and not all equal
What is the idea of Modianos model
The idea of Modianos model is that as you gain proficiency of English, you’ll move closer to a circle
What is a challenge of Modianos model
A challenge of Modianos model is that proficiency is a subjective term but it does recognise global changes
What was Schneiders post colonial English model
Schneiders post colonial English model was a series of 5 stages showing how English is adopted by foreign countries
What is schneiders stage 1 of post colonial English
Scheinders stage 1 of post colonial English is foundation, where English is introduced and contacts with the indigenous language eventually developing a new dialect
What is schneiders stage 2 of post colonial English
Schneider’s stage 2 of post colonial English is exonormative stabilisation, where settlers stabilise in the country politically and bilingualism of indigenous increases as more contact with settlers and more education
What is schneiders stage 3 of post colonial English
Schneiders stage 3 of post colonial English is nativisation, where English becomes the 2nd language
What is schneiders stage 4 of post colonial English
schneiders stage 4 of post colonial English is endonormative stabilisation, where the local English dialect is accepted and settlers and indigenous English strands are bound
What is schneiders stage 5 of post colonial English
Schneiders stage 5 of post colonial English is differentiation, where the indigenous country sees itself as different from its former colonial power and the New English dialect becomes more different from British English
What is a pidgin
A pidgin is a simplified language made to communicate between two/ more groups who don’t have a shared lingua Franca
What is a creole
A creole is a language originating from the pidgin that is nativised by becoming the primary language of the next generation
What are features of pidgin
Features of pidgin are limited vocabulary, simple grammatical structure and narrow range of functions
What is the function of a pidgin
The function of a pidgin is for a practical purpose like caribbean slave trading
What is chinook jargon
Chinook jargon is a form of pidgin used by American Indians when trading with north western USA
What happens to a pidgin when it loses its practical purpose
When a pidgin loses its practical purpose, it will cease to exist such as pidgin English uses to communicate in the Vietnam war
What is the universalist theory on how creole is created
The universalist theory on how creole is created is that children learn a pidgin as their primary language with a set of universal grammar rules all languages have and so becoming a creole
How was caribbean pidgin made
caribbean pidgin was made as slave trade brought west Africans to caribbean and they developed a secret pidgin using English to communicate to each other without slave-owners knowing
What is David crystals view on the spread of English
David crystals view on the spread of English is that it will continue to be a global lingua Franca since it’s growth is too great but Graddol says the momentum will slow
What is Nicholas olsters view on the spread of English
Nicholas olsters view on the spread of English is that English will follow the same trend as all other languages and decline as American and British power reduces
What is Mario Saracenis view on the spread of English
Mario Saracenis view on the spread of English is that English hasn’t spread, just relocated and all other Englishes don’t need to follow British English and so are free to change
How did Indian English develop
Indian English developed by increasing trade between the countries and educating India in English bringing over western ways. English-speaking Indians then formed Babo English borrowing words.
How did Indian English remain
Indian English remained as post-colonial India seen those who spoke English as part of the elite, allowing for communication with UK and USA and so more opportunities
What is an issue regarding Kachru’s labels of the three circles
An issue regarding Kachru’s labels of the three circles is that it suggests there is value attached to each one - so are unequal
