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AQA A-Level English Language (Paper 2) > Language Change > Flashcards

Language Change Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Compounding examples

A

Drop-off, passer-by

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2
Q

Blending examples

A

Brexit, mansplain, chillax

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3
Q

Initialism examples

A

BBC, RPG,

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4
Q

Acronym examples

A

LOL, ASAP, SCUBA

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5
Q

Back-formation examples

A

Edit, burgle, televise

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6
Q

Borrowing examples

A

Anime, bungalow, tipi

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7
Q

Clipping examples

A

Fridge, Frag, phone

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8
Q

Affixation examples

A

Antifascist, preload, unhappiness

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9
Q

What is David Crystal’s view of language change

A

David Crystal’s view of language change is that “english is not one variety” and new dialects are introduced which causes problems in teaching and there is problems with what dialect you should speak

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10
Q

What is Brittonic language

A

Brittonic language was a precursor to English which was a Celtic form spoken until 410AD

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11
Q

How did Brittonic language influence current English

A

There is very few elements of Brittonic in current English - words like basket and flannel and gob and loch

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12
Q

When did Latin become the main language in Britain

A

Latin became the main language in Britain from 55BC to 410AD

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13
Q

When did Anglo-Saxon language enter Britain

A

Anglo-Saxon language entered Britain in 410AD when Germanic tribes invaded bringing 4500 words used today and also Viking’s brung 2000 words

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14
Q

When did French language enter Britain

A

French language entered Britain in 1066 when William the Conqueror invaded with the Normans bringing 10,000 words

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15
Q

Why was Latin still spoken in Britain

A

Latin was still spoken in Britain as it was the language of Christianity, so spoken in church

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16
Q

When did English reclaim primary language from French

A

English reclaimed primary language from French in 1453

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17
Q

What was Shakespeare’s affect on English

A

Shakespeare’s affect on English was bringing 1,700 words through poems and plays like eyeball and lacklustre - showing English was a rich language with emotional power

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18
Q

What happened to English in 1611AD

A

In 1611AD, the bible was translated to English and King James’ bible brought new metaphors to English

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19
Q

What happened to English in the late 1600s

A

In the late 1600s, English was used in lectures as it was easier than speaking Latin, and scientists coined new terms like cardiac and tonsil and gravity and electricity

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20
Q

What happened to English from 1600s to 1900s

A

From 1600s to 1900s, Britain colonised countries like Australia, Caribbean, USA and Africa leading to borrowing of words and new dialects forming

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21
Q

When did the English dictionary begin

A

The English dictionary began in 1775 where lexicographers wanted to stop the spread of new words.

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22
Q

When was the Oxford English Dictionary made

A

The Oxford English Dictionary began in 1857 and finished 70 years later

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23
Q

How did American English form

A

American English formed due to a combination of Dutch German and Italian and then it travelled back to England

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24
Q

When did the internet affect English

A

The internet affected English in 1972 when the first email was sent and in 1991 the internet was made so conversations could be shared

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25
Q

How many people speak English

A

1.5 billion people speak English, 25% of which are native speakers and 25% are second-language speakers

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26
Q

How did the Danelaw affect English

A

The Danelaw affected english by bringing old Norse in legal terms like “law” and “murder”

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27
Q

How was Norman French language used in Britain

A

Norman French language used in Britain by military, government, legal and church

28
Q

When was Old English

A

old english was from 5th century to 11th century

29
Q

What was Old English

A

old english was language of the anglo-saxons and was germanic

30
Q

when was early middle english

A

early middle english was 11th century to 13th century

31
Q

what was early middle english

A

early middle english was Normanisation of language - making french used in law and government

32
Q

when was late middle English

A

late middle english was from 14th century to 15th century

33
Q

what was late middle english

A

late middle englsih was when french loanwords were used but english began used more in official documents meaning it became more standardised

34
Q

when is modern english

A

modern english is from 19th century to current day

35
Q

what is modern English

A

modern english is standard english that has been spread by British colonists and now the language of science, technology, politics and commerce

36
Q

Who wrote Canterbury Tales

A

Geoffrey Chaucer

37
Q

When was Canterbury Tales written

A

Canterbury Tales was written in the Middle English period from 1392

38
Q

Why is Canterbury Tales significant

A

Canterbury Tales is significant as it showed English as a standardised language in its own right with ability to be expressive

39
Q

What words were taken by Viking occupation

A

Demonstrative pronouns were taken by Viking occupation such as - that, them, those, this

40
Q

What is the great vowel shift

A

Great vowel shift was change in pronunciation of long vowels during Middle English period

41
Q

What are theories for cause of great vowel shift

A

Theories for the cause of the great vowel shift are due to migration so accents standardised to understand each other and also more social mobility led to hypercorrection of English to be dissimilar from French

42
Q

What does Chen’s S-curve theorise

A

Chen’s S-curve theorises language change occurs slowly then increases speed as more people speak the change and then it slows down until it’s fully used

43
Q

What are Aitchison’s 4 aspects to S-curve

A

Aitchison’s 4 aspects to S-curve are potential, diffusion, implementation and codification

44
Q

What is Aitchison’s potential aspect of S-curve

A

Aitchison’s potential aspect of S-curve is that there is a internal weakness or external pressure for change

45
Q

What is Aitchison’s diffusion aspect of S-curve

A

Aitchison’s diffusion aspect of S-curve is that change quickly spreads through the population

46
Q

Aitchison’s implementation aspect of S-curve

A

Aitchison’s implementation aspect of S-curve is that people start using the variant in idiolect

47
Q

What is Aitchison’s codification aspect of S-curve

A

Aitchison’s codification aspect of S-curve is that the language is accepted officially in dictionary

48
Q

What does Bailey’s Wave model theorise

A

Bailey’s Wave model theorises that proximity to epicentre of language change will determine whether language is adopted or not

49
Q

What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language precedes thought and controls it, and so different languages have different thoughts

50
Q

Criticism of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

Criticism of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that it is too rigid as it means that language change is impossible due to the fact people can’t coin new words if you need the language to think of them

51
Q

What is the reflectionist perspective of language

A

reflectionist perspective of language is that language is only a reflection of thoughts

52
Q

What is David Crystal’s tide metaphor

A

David Crystal’s tide metaphor is the idea language constantly changes like a tide by coining new words and taking out others naturally

53
Q

What is Romaine’s internal changes

A

Romaine’s internal changes are factors within language that cause change such as dictionaries coining new words

54
Q

What is Romaine’s external changes

A

Romaine’s external changes are changes in social contexts and inventions that cause change such as the term “political correctness” coming from new idealogies

55
Q

What is decay discourse

A

Decay discourse is that English language has collapsed from its previous stature

56
Q

What is purity/pollution discourse

A

Purity/pollution discourse is that English has became polluted by Americanisms

57
Q

What is conflict discourse

A

Conflict discourse is that standard english is now in a state of war against the invaders like American English

58
Q

What is disease discourse

A

Disease discourse is that English has been infected and weakened by text messaging and online abbreviations

59
Q

What is evolution discourse

A

Evolution discourse is languages can crossbreed in a way that other species do not and language change is natural

60
Q

What is deficiency discourse

A

Deficiency discourse is some language is better than others - particularly that of women and young people whose language has lack of vocabulary

61
Q

What is difference discourse

A

Difference discourse is some people just speak in different ways, like men and women

62
Q

What is control discourse

A

Control discourse is language is form of thought control - governments and those in power use it to stop us expressing ourselves freely

63
Q

What is morality discourse

A

Morality discourse is people’s use of language and their morality are extricably linked - like good speakers behave good

64
Q

What is tidal flow discourse

A

Tidal flow discourse is language change is natural and is unstoppable so it’s better to swim with the tide

65
Q

What is declinism discourse

A

Declining discourse is put forward by Lynn Truss and says there was a golden age of grammar and that the ability to use these correct forms has declined over time

66
Q

how did Hockett say language changes

A

Hockett said language change is completely random and random errors lead to language change

AQA A-Level English Language (Paper 2) (6 decks)

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