Social Groups Flashcards
What did Labov (1966) investigate in his NYC department store study
Labov (1966) investigated peoples use of rhotic “r” which appears after vowels in his NYC department store study
What did Labov say the rhotic “r” had in NYC
Labov said the rhotic “r” had a prestige in NYC
What was Labov (1966) NYC department store method
Labov (1966) NYC department store method was visiting 3 different department stores with different class status’ and asked employees to where a department was and they’d say “fourth floor”, he asked again
Why did Labov (1966) ask employees to repeat their answer in his NYC department store study
Labov (1966) asked employees to repeat their answer in his NYC department store study to see whether they consciously changed the pronunciation of the “r” in “fourth floor”
What did Labov (1966) find in his NYC department store study
Labov (1966) found higher classes would use the rhotic “r” more than lower and middle classes and that lower classes would change their pronunciation the 2nd time in his NYC department store study
Why did lower classes change their pronunciation of the rhotic “r” the 2nd time in Labov (1966) NYC department store study
lower classes changed their pronunciation of the rhotic “r” the 2nd time in Labov (1966) NYC department store study because they need to climb the social ladder, so are influenced by overt prestige
When did Jenny Cheshire conduct her Reading study
Jenny Cheshire conducted her Reading study in 1982
What did Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study investigate
Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study investigated the use of 11 standard forms used by children in an 8 month observation
What did Jenny Cheshire (1982) find in her Reading study
Jenny Cheshire (1982) found that children who approved of criminal activities used non-standard, boys more so in her Reading study
What did Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study found about how children gain prestige
Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study found that children who abide the law gain prestige overtly by behaving and children who use the non-standard form gain prestige covertly by breaking rules, as they do by breaking language norms
When did Penelope Eckert conduct her Jocks vs Burnouts study
Penelope Eckert conducted her Jocks vs Burnouts study in 1989
What did Penelope Eckert observe in her 1989 study
Penelope Eckert observed the use of Detroit vowel sounds and categorised people into Jocks and Burnouts in her 1989 study
What did Penelope Eckert call a Jock in her 1989 study
Penelope Eckert called a Jock a person who valued school and took part in school activities in her 1989 study
What did Penelope Eckert call a Burnout in her 1989 study
Penelope Eckert called a Burnout a person who didn’t value school, aimed to get a local job and took part in drugs and crime in her 1989 study
What did Penelope Eckert find in her 1989 study
Penelope Eckert found that jocks would use more standard forms and conservative vowels whereas burnouts would use Detroit vowels more severely and used a lot more negative concord in her 1989 study
What is an advantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study
An advantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study is that she observed covertly so student didn’t know meaning there was no social desirability bias
What is a disadvantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study
A disadvantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study is that students may speak differently outside of school
When did Berland conduct his study on teen speech
Berland conducted his study on teen speech in 1977
What did Berland (1977) investigate in teen speech
Berland (1977) investigated which social classes used which non-standard forms in teenagers
What did Berland (1977) find in his teen speech study
Berland (1977) found that non-standard “innit” was more common among working classes and the non-standard “yeah” was more common among middle classes in his teen speech study
What did De Clerk say teen speech is influenced by
De Clerk said teen speech is influenced by freedom allowing teenagers to rebel against linguistic norms to distinguish from others
What was Howard Giles’ study name
Howard Giles’ study name was accommodation theory
What is Howard Giles’ convergence according to accommodation theory
Howard Giles’ convergence according to accommodation theory is where a person adapts linguistic choices to conform to the language being used by the person they’re speaking to or the group they’re part of
What is Howard Giles’ divergence according to accommodation theory
Howard Giles’ divergence according to accommodation theory is where a person adapts linguistic choices to differ language away from an individual or social group
What counts as a social group
Age, friends, occupation, class and religion all count as a social group
What did Martinez (2011) theorise about teen speech
Martinez (2011) theorised about teen speech that teenagers care less about directness and fear of threats than adults and teenagers are far more direct than adults
What are Penelope Eckert’s 3 types of age
Penelope Eckert’s 3 types of age are biological, chronological and social
What is Eckert’s biological age
Eckert’s biological age is age of physical maturity
What is Eckert’s chronological age
Eckert’s chronological age is number of years since birth
What is Eckert’s social age
Eckert’s social age is age based on life events such as marriage and first child
When did Peter Trudgill conduct his Norwich study
Peter Trudgill conducted his Norwich study in 1974
What did Peter Trudgill (1974) investigate in his Norwich study
Peter Trudgill (1974) investigated the g-dropping of “-ing” suffix in walking and talking of different classes in his Norwich study
What was Peter Trudgill (1974) method in his Norwich study
Peter Trudgill (1974) method in his Norwich study was asking participants if they used non-standard form
What did Peter Trudgill (1974) find in his Norwich study
Peter Trudgill (1974) found women over-reported their use of standard forms, showing they care about overt prestige, whereas men over-reported their use of non-standard forms showing they care about covert prestige in his Norwich study
What did Peter Trudgill (1974) conclude in his Norwich study
Peter Trudgill (1974) concluded that class influenced accent more than gender as the higher the class the more standard form usage in his Norwich study
What was Mary Talbots criticism of Peter Trudgill (1974) Norwich study
Mary Talbots criticism of Peter Trudgill (1974) Norwich study is that it presents men as the norm so it’s arbitrary and biased and interviewer was a middle class man which is “an unequal encounter” which could cause social desirability bias
When did Petyt conduct his Bradford study
Petyt conducted his Bradford study in 1985
What did Petyt (1985) investigate in his Bradford study
Petyt (1985) investigated the H-dropping in words like house and hose and also the /u/ and /uh/ in “good”and “put” in his Bradford study
What did Petyt (1985) find in his Bradford study
Petyt (1985) found that lower classes were more likely to drop the ‘H’ and also socially aspirational speakers would incorrectly use the /uh/ pronunciation is words like cushion instead of the proper /u/ in his Bradford study
How did Petyt (1985) Bradford study support Trudgill (1974) Norwich study
Petyt (1985) Bradford study supported Trudgill (1974) Norwich study by saying class influenced the use of standard or non-standard forms.
When did Bernstein conduct his restricted vs elaborated code study
Bernstein conducted his restricted vs elaborated code study in 1971
What was Bernstein (1971) restricted vs elaborated code method
Bernstein (1971) restricted vs elaborated code method was asking 2 people to describe a comic strip
What did Bernstein (1971) find in his restricted vs elaborated code study
Bernstein (1971) found in his restricted vs elaborated code study that one person would describe comic strip with relaxed word order and simple structure and the other would describe the comic strip with standard syntax and a complex structure
What did Bernstein (1971) create from his findings
Bernstein (1971) created restricted and elaborated code from his findings
What is the difference between Bernstein (1971) restricted code and elaborated code
Bernstein (1971) restricted code is deictic (context bound), elaborated is not
Who did Bernstein (1971) say uses which code
Bernstein (1971) said middle classes used both codes whereas lower classes only used restricted code
Why did Bernstein (1971) say middle classes can use both codes
Bernstein (1971) said middle classes can use both codes because they are more geographically, socially and culturally mobile
When did Bernstein (1971) say restricted code is used
Bernstein (1971) said restricted code is used in social situations when bonding is required
When did Bernstein (1971) say elaborated code is used
Bernstein (1971) said elaborated code is used in formal events
What is community of practise
Community of practise is a social group with a shared identity
What is Hallidays anti language
Hallidays anti language is a language substituting old words for new words
Why is hallidays anti language used
Hallidays anti language is used for a certain group to distinguish themselves from others by communicating without outsiders understanding
What is polari
Polari is an anti language used by British gay community in 1900s to affirm the character and solidarity of a marginalised subculture
How is polari a cryptolect
Polari is a cryptolect as it was used to communicate secretly without being uncovered as being homosexual when it was illegal
