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AQA A-Level English Language (Paper 2) > Social Groups > Flashcards

Social Groups Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Labov (1966) investigate in his NYC department store study

A

Labov (1966) investigated peoples use of rhotic “r” which appears after vowels in his NYC department store study

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2
Q

What did Labov say the rhotic “r” had in NYC

A

Labov said the rhotic “r” had a prestige in NYC

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3
Q

What was Labov (1966) NYC department store method

A

Labov (1966) NYC department store method was visiting 3 different department stores with different class status’ and asked employees to where a department was and they’d say “fourth floor”, he asked again

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4
Q

Why did Labov (1966) ask employees to repeat their answer in his NYC department store study

A

Labov (1966) asked employees to repeat their answer in his NYC department store study to see whether they consciously changed the pronunciation of the “r” in “fourth floor”

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5
Q

What did Labov (1966) find in his NYC department store study

A

Labov (1966) found higher classes would use the rhotic “r” more than lower and middle classes and that lower classes would change their pronunciation the 2nd time in his NYC department store study

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6
Q

Why did lower classes change their pronunciation of the rhotic “r” the 2nd time in Labov (1966) NYC department store study

A

lower classes changed their pronunciation of the rhotic “r” the 2nd time in Labov (1966) NYC department store study because they need to climb the social ladder, so are influenced by overt prestige

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7
Q

When did Jenny Cheshire conduct her Reading study

A

Jenny Cheshire conducted her Reading study in 1982

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8
Q

What did Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study investigate

A

Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study investigated the use of 11 standard forms used by children in an 8 month observation

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9
Q

What did Jenny Cheshire (1982) find in her Reading study

A

Jenny Cheshire (1982) found that children who approved of criminal activities used non-standard, boys more so in her Reading study

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10
Q

What did Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study found about how children gain prestige

A

Jenny Cheshire (1982) Reading study found that children who abide the law gain prestige overtly by behaving and children who use the non-standard form gain prestige covertly by breaking rules, as they do by breaking language norms

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11
Q

When did Penelope Eckert conduct her Jocks vs Burnouts study

A

Penelope Eckert conducted her Jocks vs Burnouts study in 1989

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12
Q

What did Penelope Eckert observe in her 1989 study

A

Penelope Eckert observed the use of Detroit vowel sounds and categorised people into Jocks and Burnouts in her 1989 study

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13
Q

What did Penelope Eckert call a Jock in her 1989 study

A

Penelope Eckert called a Jock a person who valued school and took part in school activities in her 1989 study

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14
Q

What did Penelope Eckert call a Burnout in her 1989 study

A

Penelope Eckert called a Burnout a person who didn’t value school, aimed to get a local job and took part in drugs and crime in her 1989 study

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15
Q

What did Penelope Eckert find in her 1989 study

A

Penelope Eckert found that jocks would use more standard forms and conservative vowels whereas burnouts would use Detroit vowels more severely and used a lot more negative concord in her 1989 study

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16
Q

What is an advantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study

A

An advantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study is that she observed covertly so student didn’t know meaning there was no social desirability bias

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17
Q

What is a disadvantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study

A

A disadvantage of Penelope Eckert (1989) study is that students may speak differently outside of school

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18
Q

When did Berland conduct his study on teen speech

A

Berland conducted his study on teen speech in 1977

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19
Q

What did Berland (1977) investigate in teen speech

A

Berland (1977) investigated which social classes used which non-standard forms in teenagers

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20
Q

What did Berland (1977) find in his teen speech study

A

Berland (1977) found that non-standard “innit” was more common among working classes and the non-standard “yeah” was more common among middle classes in his teen speech study

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21
Q

What did De Clerk say teen speech is influenced by

A

De Clerk said teen speech is influenced by freedom allowing teenagers to rebel against linguistic norms to distinguish from others

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22
Q

What was Howard Giles’ study name

A

Howard Giles’ study name was accommodation theory

23
Q

What is Howard Giles’ convergence according to accommodation theory

A

Howard Giles’ convergence according to accommodation theory is where a person adapts linguistic choices to conform to the language being used by the person they’re speaking to or the group they’re part of

24
Q

What is Howard Giles’ divergence according to accommodation theory

A

Howard Giles’ divergence according to accommodation theory is where a person adapts linguistic choices to differ language away from an individual or social group

25
Q

What counts as a social group

A

Age, friends, occupation, class and religion all count as a social group

26
Q

What did Martinez (2011) theorise about teen speech

A

Martinez (2011) theorised about teen speech that teenagers care less about directness and fear of threats than adults and teenagers are far more direct than adults

27
Q

What are Penelope Eckert’s 3 types of age

A

Penelope Eckert’s 3 types of age are biological, chronological and social

28
Q

What is Eckert’s biological age

A

Eckert’s biological age is age of physical maturity

29
Q

What is Eckert’s chronological age

A

Eckert’s chronological age is number of years since birth

30
Q

What is Eckert’s social age

A

Eckert’s social age is age based on life events such as marriage and first child

31
Q

When did Peter Trudgill conduct his Norwich study

A

Peter Trudgill conducted his Norwich study in 1974

32
Q

What did Peter Trudgill (1974) investigate in his Norwich study

A

Peter Trudgill (1974) investigated the g-dropping of “-ing” suffix in walking and talking of different classes in his Norwich study

33
Q

What was Peter Trudgill (1974) method in his Norwich study

A

Peter Trudgill (1974) method in his Norwich study was asking participants if they used non-standard form

34
Q

What did Peter Trudgill (1974) find in his Norwich study

A

Peter Trudgill (1974) found women over-reported their use of standard forms, showing they care about overt prestige, whereas men over-reported their use of non-standard forms showing they care about covert prestige in his Norwich study

35
Q

What did Peter Trudgill (1974) conclude in his Norwich study

A

Peter Trudgill (1974) concluded that class influenced accent more than gender as the higher the class the more standard form usage in his Norwich study

36
Q

What was Mary Talbots criticism of Peter Trudgill (1974) Norwich study

A

Mary Talbots criticism of Peter Trudgill (1974) Norwich study is that it presents men as the norm so it’s arbitrary and biased and interviewer was a middle class man which is “an unequal encounter” which could cause social desirability bias

37
Q

When did Petyt conduct his Bradford study

A

Petyt conducted his Bradford study in 1985

38
Q

What did Petyt (1985) investigate in his Bradford study

A

Petyt (1985) investigated the H-dropping in words like house and hose and also the /u/ and /uh/ in “good”and “put” in his Bradford study

39
Q

What did Petyt (1985) find in his Bradford study

A

Petyt (1985) found that lower classes were more likely to drop the ‘H’ and also socially aspirational speakers would incorrectly use the /uh/ pronunciation is words like cushion instead of the proper /u/ in his Bradford study

40
Q

How did Petyt (1985) Bradford study support Trudgill (1974) Norwich study

A

Petyt (1985) Bradford study supported Trudgill (1974) Norwich study by saying class influenced the use of standard or non-standard forms.

41
Q

When did Bernstein conduct his restricted vs elaborated code study

A

Bernstein conducted his restricted vs elaborated code study in 1971

42
Q

What was Bernstein (1971) restricted vs elaborated code method

A

Bernstein (1971) restricted vs elaborated code method was asking 2 people to describe a comic strip

43
Q

What did Bernstein (1971) find in his restricted vs elaborated code study

A

Bernstein (1971) found in his restricted vs elaborated code study that one person would describe comic strip with relaxed word order and simple structure and the other would describe the comic strip with standard syntax and a complex structure

44
Q

What did Bernstein (1971) create from his findings

A

Bernstein (1971) created restricted and elaborated code from his findings

45
Q

What is the difference between Bernstein (1971) restricted code and elaborated code

A

Bernstein (1971) restricted code is deictic (context bound), elaborated is not

46
Q

Who did Bernstein (1971) say uses which code

A

Bernstein (1971) said middle classes used both codes whereas lower classes only used restricted code

47
Q

Why did Bernstein (1971) say middle classes can use both codes

A

Bernstein (1971) said middle classes can use both codes because they are more geographically, socially and culturally mobile

48
Q

When did Bernstein (1971) say restricted code is used

A

Bernstein (1971) said restricted code is used in social situations when bonding is required

49
Q

When did Bernstein (1971) say elaborated code is used

A

Bernstein (1971) said elaborated code is used in formal events

50
Q

What is community of practise

A

Community of practise is a social group with a shared identity

51
Q

What is Hallidays anti language

A

Hallidays anti language is a language substituting old words for new words

52
Q

Why is hallidays anti language used

A

Hallidays anti language is used for a certain group to distinguish themselves from others by communicating without outsiders understanding

53
Q

What is polari

A

Polari is an anti language used by British gay community in 1900s to affirm the character and solidarity of a marginalised subculture

54
Q

How is polari a cryptolect

A

Polari is a cryptolect as it was used to communicate secretly without being uncovered as being homosexual when it was illegal

AQA A-Level English Language (Paper 2) (6 decks)

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