World Cities Case Studies Flashcards
Urbanisation case studies?
Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya
Lagos, Nigeria
Dharavi, India
What are the characteristics of Kibera?
- Squatter settlement
- Home to 1 million
- Buildings made from weak material
- Overcrowded
What causes the movement to Nairobi? (Kibera)
- High employment rates in the city
- Higher pay
- Low access to water and services in rural areas
- Opportunity to send money home
What are the impacts of Kibera?
- Spread of disease
- Scarce water supplies
- Open sewers
- High crime and drug use
- Flooding is common
- No security
- 50% unemployed
What planning and management strategies have been used in Kibera?
- KENSUP
- Relocation - decanting sites
- Site and service- homes are improved/rebuilt and connected to mains and sewers
- Residents move into homes and pay monthly fee to council for new accommodation
What are the characteristics of Lagos?
- Slums
- 11.4 million
- Youthful population
- Homes built from scrap materials
What causes the movement to Lagos?
- Mechanisation of farming
- Lack of rural investment
- Availability of jobs
- Perception of less overcrowded houses with electricity an improved healthcare
What are the impacts of the movement to Lagos?
- Lack of housing - needs 10,000 per year
- Growth of slums
- Open sewers
- Limited electricity limited
- Competition for jobs
- Congestion = air pollution
- High crime
- Suppression of women
- Gangs
- Growth of informal sector
What are the management and planning strategies being used in Lagos?
- New houses being built for new migrant to replace older ones
- Health care is not free so patient numbers have dropped by 30% allowing more money to be spent on other things
What is the suburbanisation case study?
Bradley stoke, Bristol
What are the characteristics of Bradley Stoke?
- Population of 25,000
- Detached and new semi detached houses and bungalows
- Local shopping centres and schools
- Parks, cemeteries, golf courses and playing fields
What causes the movement to Bradley Stoke?
- Initial development of transport networks
- Schools: 6 primary schools and Bradley Stoke community school
- Increasing adult population demanding households
- The way in which people choose to live
What are the positive impacts of the movement to Bradley Stoke?
- Affordable housing
- Away from city life so improved standard of living and health benefits
- Growing retail sector
- Perceived to be less crime and anti social behaviour
- Safe environment
What are the negative impacts of the movement to Bradley Stoke and other suburban areas?
- Businesses clustering centres around Aztec West
- Retail hypermarket Willow Brook
- Ghettoisation and segregation
- Transport networks needed
- Greenbelt enroachment
What are the planning and management strategies being used in Bradley Stoke?
- A38 and M5
- Building new homes on brownfield sites
- Allowing buildings in rural areas and greenfield sites
What is the counter-urbanisation case study?
Backwell, Bristol
What are the characteristics of Backwell?
- Suburbanised village
- 5400 pop
- Young families
- Closure of local services
- Cul de sacs and bungalows
- Rising house prices
What causes the movement to Backwell?
- 3 primary schools and secondary school with sixth form
- Commuter homes and executive housing
- Negative reaction to city life
- Car ownership means mobility
- Rising demand for second homes and earlier retirement to rural areas
What are the positive impacts of the movement to Backwell?
- Increased value of property
- Better living and working conditions
- More trade for services
- Property renovated and conserved
- New employment
What are the negative impacts of the movement to Backwell?
- Local people priced out of property market
- Changes to service sector (estate agents and banks replace traditional service base)
- Loss of traditional character
- Increased traffic on rural roads
What are the planning and management strategies being used in Backwell?
- Ribbon development along the A370 - building houses
- New detached and semi detached houses
- A good range of facilities provided
- New settlements
What are the two re-urbanisation case studies?
Southville and Stokes Croft, Bristol
What are the characteristics of Southville?
- Bristol’s Lower Clifton
- Southville has been gentrified since the early 1980s
- Artists in the area - Arts Trail
- Average house price £250,000
What are the causes of the movement to Southville?
- Cultural hub: Bars, restaurants, the nationally renowned Tobacco Factory theatre, Bristol Beer Factory and specialist stores
- Large scale investment and urban regneration
What are the impacts of the movement to Southville?
- Local people on low incomes find it difficult to purchase houses
- The size of the privately rented sector decreases
- Friction between newcomers and residents
What are the planning and management strategies being used in Southville?
- Previous low density development was replaced by higher densities
- All harbourside area is easily accessible by visitors - walkways and open spaces
What are the characteristics of Stokes Croft?
- Cultural Quarter of Bristol
- Gentrification
- Redevelopment driven by the Arts
- Increasingly middle class
- Alternative artist quarter
What caused the movement to Stokes Croft and other re-urbanised areas?
- Sustainable communities
- Work
- Reliable income
- Education opportunities
What are the impacts of gentrification in re-urbanised areas such as Stokes Croft?
- Social mix of area changes
- Increase in bars and restaurants
- Employment
- Locals on low income find it difficult to afford housing
- Private rented accommodation is sold off and reduces
- Friction between incomers and original residents
What are the processes operating in re-urbanised areas?
- Gentrification - renovation of older properties
- Property led regeneration
- Partnership led regeneration
- Development of sustainable communities
Why did Detroit go into urban decline?
- Economic disaster
- US recession
- Banks won’t pay to fix up houses
- Main train station fell into disrepair
- Globalisation/ mechanisation led to unemployment
- Large businesses moved abroad
- Gangs
- Riots in 60s
- Urban prairies
- Police didn’t live in the neighbourhoods
- Loss of community
- Abandoned buildings weren’t looked after
- Limited retail shops and grocery stores out of the city
- Failed regeneration projects
Why did Hulme in Manchester need regeneration?
- High rise buildings
- ASBO hubs
- No community
- High crime rate
- Buildings infested
- Local authority grouped together unfortunate residents
What was done to regenerate Hulme?
- Hulme City Challenge Partnership - 3000 new homes with new shopping areas, roads and community facilities
- Houses and low rise flats
- Refurbished shopping area - ASDA supermarket
- Community centre
- Crime reduced
- Green areas and parks
- Students and families living there
Why was the regeneration of Hulme sustainable?
- Changed reputation
- Appearance is more appealing
- Tourist potential: 2 million visitors a year
- Science Museum, Granada Studios and Bridgewater Concert hall now main attractions
Why did London need regeneration?
- Population and employment decline post 1950s
- High congestion
- Lack of public transport
- Limited shopping facilities
- Urgent need for more affordable homes
- Growing homelessness
- Sustainable community needed
What was done to regenerate London Docklands?
Environmental: - Pedestrian and cycle routes - Open spaces - Ecology Park and bird sanctuary - 200,000 trees planted Economic: - Transport - opening of Docklands Light Railway - 2700 businesses trading - Building of airport - Attraction of financial and high tech firms - TV studios and newspapers have offices in Canary Wharf (Guardian) Social: - 22,000 new homes - New shopping centre built - Shopping centre at Canary Wharf - Restaurant/pubs/cafes
Why was the London Docklands regeneration successful?
- More trade for shopkeepers
- Cheaper rents
- Wide range of benefits
- Greatly improved accessibility of docklands
- Criticisms that it didn’t benefit original Eastenders
- Locals unable to afford new expensive houses
- Reduction in community
What was done to regenerate Greenwhich in London?
- Greenwhich Millennium Village
- 1377 homes built
- Sustainability, energy efficiency, waste management
- Primary school
- Health centre
What are the characteristics of the CBD regeneration in Cabot Circus?
- £500 million spent on regenerating CBD
- Different retail offer
- Open 10am-8pm on weekdays
- 3.6 million consumers live within 60 mins
- Offer the whole experience
What are the pros of Cabot Circus?
- Well connected via public transport
- Interesting retail experience
- Pedestrianised areas
- Car park open 24/7 with over 2600 spaces
What are the cons of Cabot Circus?
- Congestion
- Expensive parking fees
- Not all covered against weather
- Limited space for expansion
- Land prices more expensive
What are the characteristics of Cribbs Causeway out of town retail park?
- £500 million spent on mixed land use redevelopment by Prestige Project Developments
- Open weekdays 9.30am to 9pm
- Just off M5 and A38
- Over 150 stores and a retail park
- Service sector provided
- Combination of shopping and leisure (cinema and bowling and restaurants)
- Constant buses
What are the pros of Cribbs Causeway?
- Easy access
- Greater shopping choice
- Free parking with over 7000 spaces
- Room for expansion
- Combination of shopping and leisure means full day out
- Increased employment
What are the cons of Cribbs Causeway?
- Increase reliance on car
- Decline of town centres
- Employment mostly part time
- Lack of character
What other out of town retail centres could be mentioned?
Clarks Village Outlet centre
Trafford Centre in Manchester
What other CBD could be mentioned?
St David’s Shopping Centre Cardiff
How is waste in Nottingham being managed?
- Waste local plan 2002 - Covers all forms of waste
- Plan identifies potential future sites for new facilities - recycling, composting, energy recovery etc
- Encourages waste management with minimal envrionmental impacts
- 4 objectives: protecting environment, using resources, controlling pollution, encouraging awareness and involvement
- Eastcroft incinerator - energy from waste scheme in 1960s
- Incineration for energy
- Updated in 90s to Combined Heat and Power
What are the advantages of Nottingham’s waste management?
- Covers all types of waste and introduces new technology
- Sustainable as it creates energy
- Incineration reduces CO2 emissions by 34,000 tonnes a year
- CHP provides low cost energy to 11,000 homes
- Consumer participation through enhanced public awareness
What are the disadvantages of Nottingham’s waste management scheme?
- Plans to extend incineration are unpopular
- Incineration may lead to lessened efforts in recycling/composting
- Costs of collection, transport and reprocessing are high
- Recycling facilities are unslightly
- Waste to energy facilities are expensive to construct
How sustainable is Nottingham’s waste management scheme?
- By 2020 the city will become self sufficient
- Majority of waste is reused
- Reliable source of fuel as people will always have waste
How is waste in Semakau, Singapore, being managed?
- Offshore man made island
- Lined with impermeable membrane to prevent leakage
- Covers a total area of 3.5 km
- Waste taken in dump trucks to a tipping site where its unloaded into the landfill cell
- Cells are covered with earth so grass and trees grow
- In operation since 1999
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the waste management scheme in Singapore?
A:
- Clean and free of smell
- Serves as a habitat for a variety of birds, fish and plants as mangroves grow
- Educational project and could serve as a model for sustainable development around the world
- Nature conservation
- National Environment Agency are looking into developing an eco park
- Scheme has increased employment
D:
- Cost of $400 million
- Risk of incinerated waste getting into the oceans
- 2 mangroves destroyed during construction
How sustainable is the waste management in Singapore?
- Creates habitats and provides base for scientific research
- Sustainable for over 25 years allowing the country to develop an even more sustainable strategy
