Pre release topic: Migration Flashcards
What is migration?
The movement of people from one place to the other with the intentions of settling permanently in the new location
What is illegal migration?
The entry of a person or a group across a country’s border in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country
What is economic migration?
Someone who migrates to seek improvement in living standards as well as better job opportunities
What is an asylum seeker?
A person who has left their home country as a political refugee
What is a refugee?
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution or natural disaster
What is forced migration?
People that don’t choose to migrate, but have to- often due to conflicts of natural disasters
What is net migration?
Inward migration minus outward migration
What’s meant by host and source/origin countries?
Host: migrant destination
Source/origin: where migrants are coming from
What is meant by dominant migration?
High levels of migration within one country
What are remittances?
Money from a migrant sent to someone in the country of origin
What is a repatriation?
Sending a migrant back to their country of origin
What is meant by differential migration?
Educated men are more likely to migrate that other groups
Who are the Toubou?
An ethnic group who inhabit northern Chad and Southern Libya, Northeastern Niger and Northwestern Sudan
What is the Mauritania Camp?
Mbera refugee camp which houses refugees fleeing from the conflict in Mali
What is the Burkina Faso Camp?
2 refugee camps managed by the UN
What are the key points over time which have led to many countries in the EU being classified into stage 5 of the DTM?
- Post-war baby boom generation reaching retirement age
- People are living longer as life expectancy increases
- Fertility rate on a downward trend since 2010
- Decrease in fertility
- Lower birth rate
What are the negative impacts of an ageing population socially?
- Dense retirement housing areas
- Decline in workforce
- Burden of disability and ill health
- Stress on housing - elderly aren’t moving out as soon so housing isn’t available
- Stress on health care services and over subscription
- Pressure on families to look after elder members
What are the negative impacts of an ageing population economically?
- Less economically active then economically dependent
- Labour markets, pensions, provisions for healthcare, housing, social services
- Workers may have to pay higher taxes
- Old people will have higher paid jobs for longer
- Businesses focus towards grey market
- Increase in retirement age
What are the negative impacts of an ageing population environmentally?
- More greenbelt land for cemeteries
- Areas have to be constructed in accordance to needs of elderly
- Land clearance for housing and retirement housing
What are the negative impacts of an ageing population politically?
- Govt. face backlash after charging more taxes to cover costs of elderly population
- Increased focus on grey vote
- Some argue that elderly are dominating demographic votes with old values (UKIP, Brexit etc)
What are the disadvantages of a total (young) dependency ratio on a given country?
- Less tax paid to local economy
- Strains on education and health services
- Increase in infant mortality rate
- Strain on food supplies
- More childcare requires and less available to do it
- Lack of availability of jobs in the future
- Greater pressure on education system
- Younger people rely on healthcare due to susceptibility to sickness
- Economic stress for tax payers
What overall issues might a govt. with a high total age dependency ratio face?
- Social and financial strain
- Strain on pension system
- Increased need for carehomes
- Unsustainable population structure
- Strain on education and healthcare
What was the Rs value when 28 countries were tested to see if there was a correlation between GDP and Net migration?
0.63
What was the Rs value when the top 15 most populated countries were tested to see if there was a correlation between GDP and Net migration?
0.79
What was the Rs value when the top 10 most populated countries were tested to see if there was a correlation between GDP and Net migration?
0.81
What are the climate push factors for migrants leaving Africa?
- Natural disasters lead to lack of food resources = starvation and death
- Damage to agricultural production has Economic ramifications
- After bad harvests families cannot migrate/don’t have the money to migrate
- Shoreline erosion, flooding, agricultural disruption
- Sea level rising and flooding
- Prolonged drought
- Desertification and water scarcity
What numerical data evidence is there that climate change is causing migration?
- 200 million climate refugees by 2050
- From 2006-2011 large areas of Syria experienced extreme drought
- Climate change force 1 million Africans from their homes in 2015
- 20 million people displaced by extreme weather events in 2008 worldwide
How can we link climate change as a push factor to the Malthusian theory?
- Malthus argues that food production won’t keep up with population increase
- Natural disasters inhibit food production in low income areas reliant on agriculture
- Climate change causes migration which increases population sizes in destination countries - more food is needed
- Often destination countries are LEDCs that can manufacture food at a constant rate all year round
What are the top 5 CO2 producing countries in the EU?
Germany (777,905 tonnes), UK (398,524 tonnes), France, Italy, Poland
What are the arguments for countries with higher CO2 emissions taking on more migrants?
- These countries are increasing climate change which forces people to migrates
- They should account for climate migrants as they are worsening the problem
What are the arguments against countries with higher CO2 emissions taking on more migrants?
- Having high numbers of migrants increases population which further increases CO2 emissions
- Developed countries with lower CO2 emissions should take on the migrants
- In some cases natural disasters cause migrants to move which is out of the control of the EU
- Countries with high CO2 emissions should try and prevent the climate change in the first place by changing their ways
What are European Commission Quotas? Have they been successful?
- Allocates migrants to other countries
- Introduced in 2015 - aimed to allocate 60% of migrants that were in Italy, Greece and Hungary to Germany, France and Spain
- Countries refusing to take in migrants can face financial penalties - means they take them in
- Aims to subject migrants to fair and human asylum seeking policies
- Poland softened position and ended up accepting 2000 migrants than first offered
- Applies to those who signed the Schengen Agreement
What was the Schengen Agreement?
- Introduced in 1985, intended to allow free movement of people within the EU, not for people outside
- Border checks reintroduced in 2016 due to migrant crisis
- Ireland and UK haven’t signed Schengen Agreement
What were the May 2015 quotas?
- Proposed quotas for relocating migrants from Greece and Italy
- Quotas successful in the fact that there was a clear plan of action however it wasn’t enough due to September quotas
What were the September 2015 quotas?
- Countries involved in the quota scheme were asked to take on more migrants
- Some quotas lowered (Malta, Croatia, Cyprus) but most increased (Netherlands, Spain, Poland, Germany)
What are the methods of stopping organised irregular migration? Are they successful?
- Migrant smuggling is a fast growing criminal activity worldwide
- In 2002, legal framework on smuggling composed of a Directive defining the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and residence
- Included strengthening of punishment and penalties to prevent unauthorised entry, transit and residence
- Working on EU Action Plan against criminal networks that organise smuggling
- Penalties for employers who hire and employ irregular migrants
- Strengthening of FRONTEX so it can act more effectively at the external border
- Effective returns policy
- Unsuccessful due to 630,000 migrants reaching Italy between 2011-2016- 2016 was the deadliest year
What are the methods of managing migration through securing the border?
- Biometric visas by the end of 2010
- Biometric ID cards in 2008
- Deploying immigration specialists abroad
- Exploring the potential for an international organisation to promote common border management and technology standards
What have been the general international solutions to climate change?
- Renewable technology
- Carbon trading
- Raising awareness
- Waste management
What is the solar panel scheme in Nigeria?
- Solar panels are being used in local communities in Nigeria - if successful 774 local govts will use them
- Reduces price of electricity as most businesses pay $5 a day to use a generator
- 120 million Nigerians don’t have access to electricity
- People can save money to improve quality of life
What is Senegal’s ‘Great Green Wall’?
- Man made barrier of trees designed to stop desert expansion and protect agricultural land
- Project started in 2007
- Prevents nomadic herders from using up resources
- Several countries agreed to establish the 1000km wall
What is the demographic data for Mali?
- Population of 17.6 million
- Birth Rate 44.4
- Death Rate 12.6
- Net migration -2.2
- 260,665 displaced people - 175,412 Malian refugees
- Life expectancy 58
- HDI 0.442
What are the physical push factors for migrants leaving Mali?
- Country is drought prone
- Low land productivity
- Seasonal food and cash shortages
- 80% of population are dependent on agriculture
- Yields are dependent on rainfall
- Irregularities in weather
- Lack of rain contributes to low production levels
- Low productivity
What are the human push factors for migrants leaving Mali?
- 91% of country earns less than $2 per day
- Families struggle to sell produce
- War between competing leaders and pressures on resources
- Production is low due to modern equipment not being available
- Northern Mali conflict - insurgent groups are campaigning against the Malian govt.
- First ebola case in Mali
- In conflict since 2012
- High rise in population - set to triple in 50 years
What are the costs of asylum seekers on the host country?
- Impacts on services such as healthcare (NHS), education and housing
- Economy is hit as spending has to go on providing for migrants
- Overcrowding, segregated communities
- Educating migrant children
- Over-dependence on industries on migrant labour
- Some money earned by asylum seekers is sent back to country of origin
- Increase in population
- Exploitation of migrant workers
What are the benefits of asylum seekers on the host country?
- Adds to economy and fills jobs
- Undesirable jobs filled
- Host country gains skilled labour at reduced cost
- Pension gap filled by contributions of new young workers - they pay taxes
- Energy and innovation
- Diversity and culture mix
- Better population structure
