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A2 Geography > Pre release topic: Migration > Flashcards

Pre release topic: Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people from one place to the other with the intentions of settling permanently in the new location

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2
Q

What is illegal migration?

A

The entry of a person or a group across a country’s border in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country

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3
Q

What is economic migration?

A

Someone who migrates to seek improvement in living standards as well as better job opportunities

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4
Q

What is an asylum seeker?

A

A person who has left their home country as a political refugee

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5
Q

What is a refugee?

A

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution or natural disaster

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6
Q

What is forced migration?

A

People that don’t choose to migrate, but have to- often due to conflicts of natural disasters

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7
Q

What is net migration?

A

Inward migration minus outward migration

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8
Q

What’s meant by host and source/origin countries?

A

Host: migrant destination

Source/origin: where migrants are coming from

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9
Q

What is meant by dominant migration?

A

High levels of migration within one country

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10
Q

What are remittances?

A

Money from a migrant sent to someone in the country of origin

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11
Q

What is a repatriation?

A

Sending a migrant back to their country of origin

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12
Q

What is meant by differential migration?

A

Educated men are more likely to migrate that other groups

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13
Q

Who are the Toubou?

A

An ethnic group who inhabit northern Chad and Southern Libya, Northeastern Niger and Northwestern Sudan

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14
Q

What is the Mauritania Camp?

A

Mbera refugee camp which houses refugees fleeing from the conflict in Mali

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15
Q

What is the Burkina Faso Camp?

A

2 refugee camps managed by the UN

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16
Q

What are the key points over time which have led to many countries in the EU being classified into stage 5 of the DTM?

A
  • Post-war baby boom generation reaching retirement age
  • People are living longer as life expectancy increases
  • Fertility rate on a downward trend since 2010
  • Decrease in fertility
  • Lower birth rate
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17
Q

What are the negative impacts of an ageing population socially?

A
  • Dense retirement housing areas
  • Decline in workforce
  • Burden of disability and ill health
  • Stress on housing - elderly aren’t moving out as soon so housing isn’t available
  • Stress on health care services and over subscription
  • Pressure on families to look after elder members
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18
Q

What are the negative impacts of an ageing population economically?

A
  • Less economically active then economically dependent
  • Labour markets, pensions, provisions for healthcare, housing, social services
  • Workers may have to pay higher taxes
  • Old people will have higher paid jobs for longer
  • Businesses focus towards grey market
  • Increase in retirement age
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19
Q

What are the negative impacts of an ageing population environmentally?

A
  • More greenbelt land for cemeteries
  • Areas have to be constructed in accordance to needs of elderly
  • Land clearance for housing and retirement housing
20
Q

What are the negative impacts of an ageing population politically?

A
  • Govt. face backlash after charging more taxes to cover costs of elderly population
  • Increased focus on grey vote
  • Some argue that elderly are dominating demographic votes with old values (UKIP, Brexit etc)
21
Q

What are the disadvantages of a total (young) dependency ratio on a given country?

A
  • Less tax paid to local economy
  • Strains on education and health services
  • Increase in infant mortality rate
  • Strain on food supplies
  • More childcare requires and less available to do it
  • Lack of availability of jobs in the future
  • Greater pressure on education system
  • Younger people rely on healthcare due to susceptibility to sickness
  • Economic stress for tax payers
22
Q

What overall issues might a govt. with a high total age dependency ratio face?

A
  • Social and financial strain
  • Strain on pension system
  • Increased need for carehomes
  • Unsustainable population structure
  • Strain on education and healthcare
23
Q

What was the Rs value when 28 countries were tested to see if there was a correlation between GDP and Net migration?

A

0.63

24
Q

What was the Rs value when the top 15 most populated countries were tested to see if there was a correlation between GDP and Net migration?

A

0.79

25
Q

What was the Rs value when the top 10 most populated countries were tested to see if there was a correlation between GDP and Net migration?

A

0.81

26
Q

What are the climate push factors for migrants leaving Africa?

A
  • Natural disasters lead to lack of food resources = starvation and death
  • Damage to agricultural production has Economic ramifications
  • After bad harvests families cannot migrate/don’t have the money to migrate
  • Shoreline erosion, flooding, agricultural disruption
  • Sea level rising and flooding
  • Prolonged drought
  • Desertification and water scarcity
27
Q

What numerical data evidence is there that climate change is causing migration?

A
  • 200 million climate refugees by 2050
  • From 2006-2011 large areas of Syria experienced extreme drought
  • Climate change force 1 million Africans from their homes in 2015
  • 20 million people displaced by extreme weather events in 2008 worldwide
28
Q

How can we link climate change as a push factor to the Malthusian theory?

A
  • Malthus argues that food production won’t keep up with population increase
  • Natural disasters inhibit food production in low income areas reliant on agriculture
  • Climate change causes migration which increases population sizes in destination countries - more food is needed
  • Often destination countries are LEDCs that can manufacture food at a constant rate all year round
29
Q

What are the top 5 CO2 producing countries in the EU?

A

Germany (777,905 tonnes), UK (398,524 tonnes), France, Italy, Poland

30
Q

What are the arguments for countries with higher CO2 emissions taking on more migrants?

A
  • These countries are increasing climate change which forces people to migrates
  • They should account for climate migrants as they are worsening the problem
31
Q

What are the arguments against countries with higher CO2 emissions taking on more migrants?

A
  • Having high numbers of migrants increases population which further increases CO2 emissions
  • Developed countries with lower CO2 emissions should take on the migrants
  • In some cases natural disasters cause migrants to move which is out of the control of the EU
  • Countries with high CO2 emissions should try and prevent the climate change in the first place by changing their ways
32
Q

What are European Commission Quotas? Have they been successful?

A
  • Allocates migrants to other countries
  • Introduced in 2015 - aimed to allocate 60% of migrants that were in Italy, Greece and Hungary to Germany, France and Spain
  • Countries refusing to take in migrants can face financial penalties - means they take them in
  • Aims to subject migrants to fair and human asylum seeking policies
  • Poland softened position and ended up accepting 2000 migrants than first offered
  • Applies to those who signed the Schengen Agreement
33
Q

What was the Schengen Agreement?

A
  • Introduced in 1985, intended to allow free movement of people within the EU, not for people outside
  • Border checks reintroduced in 2016 due to migrant crisis
  • Ireland and UK haven’t signed Schengen Agreement
34
Q

What were the May 2015 quotas?

A
  • Proposed quotas for relocating migrants from Greece and Italy
  • Quotas successful in the fact that there was a clear plan of action however it wasn’t enough due to September quotas
35
Q

What were the September 2015 quotas?

A
  • Countries involved in the quota scheme were asked to take on more migrants
  • Some quotas lowered (Malta, Croatia, Cyprus) but most increased (Netherlands, Spain, Poland, Germany)
36
Q

What are the methods of stopping organised irregular migration? Are they successful?

A
  • Migrant smuggling is a fast growing criminal activity worldwide
  • In 2002, legal framework on smuggling composed of a Directive defining the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and residence
  • Included strengthening of punishment and penalties to prevent unauthorised entry, transit and residence
  • Working on EU Action Plan against criminal networks that organise smuggling
  • Penalties for employers who hire and employ irregular migrants
  • Strengthening of FRONTEX so it can act more effectively at the external border
  • Effective returns policy
  • Unsuccessful due to 630,000 migrants reaching Italy between 2011-2016- 2016 was the deadliest year
37
Q

What are the methods of managing migration through securing the border?

A
  • Biometric visas by the end of 2010
  • Biometric ID cards in 2008
  • Deploying immigration specialists abroad
  • Exploring the potential for an international organisation to promote common border management and technology standards
38
Q

What have been the general international solutions to climate change?

A
  • Renewable technology
  • Carbon trading
  • Raising awareness
  • Waste management
39
Q

What is the solar panel scheme in Nigeria?

A
  • Solar panels are being used in local communities in Nigeria - if successful 774 local govts will use them
  • Reduces price of electricity as most businesses pay $5 a day to use a generator
  • 120 million Nigerians don’t have access to electricity
  • People can save money to improve quality of life
40
Q

What is Senegal’s ‘Great Green Wall’?

A
  • Man made barrier of trees designed to stop desert expansion and protect agricultural land
  • Project started in 2007
  • Prevents nomadic herders from using up resources
  • Several countries agreed to establish the 1000km wall
41
Q

What is the demographic data for Mali?

A
  • Population of 17.6 million
  • Birth Rate 44.4
  • Death Rate 12.6
  • Net migration -2.2
  • 260,665 displaced people - 175,412 Malian refugees
  • Life expectancy 58
  • HDI 0.442
42
Q

What are the physical push factors for migrants leaving Mali?

A
  • Country is drought prone
  • Low land productivity
  • Seasonal food and cash shortages
  • 80% of population are dependent on agriculture
  • Yields are dependent on rainfall
  • Irregularities in weather
  • Lack of rain contributes to low production levels
  • Low productivity
43
Q

What are the human push factors for migrants leaving Mali?

A
  • 91% of country earns less than $2 per day
  • Families struggle to sell produce
  • War between competing leaders and pressures on resources
  • Production is low due to modern equipment not being available
  • Northern Mali conflict - insurgent groups are campaigning against the Malian govt.
  • First ebola case in Mali
  • In conflict since 2012
  • High rise in population - set to triple in 50 years
44
Q

What are the costs of asylum seekers on the host country?

A
  • Impacts on services such as healthcare (NHS), education and housing
  • Economy is hit as spending has to go on providing for migrants
  • Overcrowding, segregated communities
  • Educating migrant children
  • Over-dependence on industries on migrant labour
  • Some money earned by asylum seekers is sent back to country of origin
  • Increase in population
  • Exploitation of migrant workers
45
Q

What are the benefits of asylum seekers on the host country?

A
  • Adds to economy and fills jobs
  • Undesirable jobs filled
  • Host country gains skilled labour at reduced cost
  • Pension gap filled by contributions of new young workers - they pay taxes
  • Energy and innovation
  • Diversity and culture mix
  • Better population structure

A2 Geography (7 decks)

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