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A2 Geography > Tectonics Case Studies > Flashcards

Tectonics Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the volcano Eyjafajallajokull located?

A

In the South Coast of Iceland

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2
Q

When did Eyjafajallajokull erupt?

A

It erupted continuously for most of April and May 2010

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3
Q

Where is Mount Etna situated?

A

Sicily, Italy

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4
Q

Which volcano is one of the most active in the world, being in an almost constant state of eruption?

A

Mount Etna

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5
Q

Where is Mount Merapi located?

A

Java, Indonesia

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6
Q

When was Mount Merapi’s last eruption?

A

26th of October 2010

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7
Q

Where is Mount St Helens?

A

Washington State, USA

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8
Q

When did Mount St Helens erupt?

A

18th May, 1980

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9
Q

What are the physical features of Eyjafajallajokull?

A
  • Stratovolcano
  • Constructive plate boundary (European and North American)
  • Ice cap covers caldera
  • Summit elevation of 1651 metres
  • Composed of basalt and andesite lava
  • Vent is 1.8 to 2.5 miles across
  • VEI = 4
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10
Q

What are the physical features of Mount Etna?

A
  • Active stratovolcano
  • Erupts basaltic lava
  • Strombolian eruptions
  • Destructive plate boundary (African and Eurasian)
  • Constant state of activity
  • Europe’s highest volcano
  • Top elevation is 10, 900 feet
  • More than one active centre
  • Subsidiary cones on lateral fissures
  • VEI = 5
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11
Q

What are the physical features of Mount Merapi?

A
  • Destructive subduction plate boundary (Indo- Australian and Eurasian)
  • Part of Pacific Ring of Fire
  • Part of an island arc
  • Active stratovolcano
  • Composed of one layer of hardened lava, tephra and volcanic ash
  • Steep profile
  • Periodic/explosive eruptions
  • Large terrifying force
  • Eruptions getting worse over time
  • VEI = 4
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12
Q

What are the physical features of Mt St Helens?

A
  • Active stratovolcano
  • Destructive subduction boundary (Juan de Fuca and North America)
  • Andesitic lava
  • Lateral blast
  • Frequent earth movements in area
  • 2500 years old
  • VEI = 5
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13
Q

What are the 3 ecological zones of Mt Etna?

A
  • Lowest zone: fertile, rich in vineyards/olive groves/citrus plants, densely populated
  • Above zone: steeper, covered with forests
  • Highest zone: Covered with ash/sand/lava, alpine plants and algae
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14
Q

What were the primary impacts of Eyafjallajokull?

A
  • Wind carried the ash southeast towards Europe
  • Ash blocked ou the sun
  • Infrastructure and homes damaged
  • Crops destroyed
  • Roads washed away
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15
Q

What were the primary impacts of the eruption of Mt Etna?

A
  • Eruption destroyed the tourist ski resort at Piano Provenzana
  • Damage to homes
  • Lava caused an explosion at a water tank injuring 30 people
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16
Q

What were the primary impacts of the eruption of Mt Merapi?

A
  • Volcanic bombs and hot gases spread
  • Pyroclastic flows spread
  • Villages under 30 cm of ash
  • Sulphur dioxide blown across Indonesia and as far as South Australia
  • 353 people were killed
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17
Q

Primary impacts of Mt St Helens eruption?

A
  • Landslide caused by earthquake
  • 57 died
  • Pyroclastic flow destroyed everything in path
  • 27km wipeout zone
  • Planes grounded
  • Ash killed wildlife in Toutle River and Spirit Lake
  • 12% of crops destroyed
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18
Q

Secondary impacts of Eyjafjallajokull eruption?

Positive impacts?

A
  • Ash was so thick goggles and face masks needed
  • Local businesses suffered due to slump in agriculture
  • Visibility was lowered to a few metres
  • Flights grounded - hundreds of thousands of tourists stranded overseas
  • Trading with Kenya stopped

Positive:

  • Fertile soil from ash
  • Geothermal energy
  • Rocks used for building
19
Q

Secondary impacts of Mt Etna eruption?

Positive impacts?

A
  • Airport forced to close
  • Winter tourist industry hit
  • Schools and businesses forced to close
  • In 2008, earthquakes opened fissures which caused lava to flow down the Valle de Bove
  • Highly voluminous gas, dust and ash emissions

Positive:
- Fertile soils

20
Q

Secondary impacts of Mt Merapi?

Positive impacts?

A
  • Damage to crops meant inflation
  • Emergency shelters
  • 278, 000 had to flee homes
  • Extension of danger area
  • Planes grounded in Western Australia
  • Lahars

Positive:

  • Fertile soils
  • Conservation area around volcano
21
Q

Secondary impacts of Mt St Helens?

Positive impacts?

A
  • High sedimentation in Toutle River
  • Flooding
  • Lahars - destroyed 200 homes
  • Economic loss: $800 million
  • Clean up operation: $250 million
  • Only 14 species (small mammals survived)

Positive:

  • Fertility increased
  • Tourism increased to 2 million a year
  • Geothermal energy
22
Q

Immediate and long term responses to Eyjafjallajokull?

A

Immediate:

  • Evacuation
  • European airspace shut down

Long term:

  • Aid agencies (Oxfam/Christian Aid) involved in food/shelter distribution
  • Reconstruction of roads/infrastructure
  • Research into finding better ways to manage ash concentration
23
Q

General info about Kobe earthquake?

A

17th Jan 1995
Caused by subduction of Phillipine plate under Eurasian plate
7.2 magnitude

24
Q

Japan demographic data?

A

GDP: $5.334 trillion
Stage in DTM: 4
HDI: 0.941
Life Expectancy: 79.54

25
Q

Primary impacts of Kobe earthquake?

A
  • Over 6000 died
  • Hanshin Expressway collapsed
  • Pancaking of houses
  • Liquefaction
  • Gas mains broke = fires
  • Dock closed
26
Q

Secondary impacts of Kobe earthquake?

A
  • 700 aftershocks
  • Temporary accommodation
  • Port out of action for 3 months
  • Dock not back into full use for 2 years
  • $100 million in damage
27
Q

Immediate responses to Kobe earthquake?

A
  • Osaka Earthquake Observatory monitored
  • Thermal imaging, sniffer dogs used in rescue
  • Effective medical services
  • 3000 army sent to rescue
28
Q

Long term responses to Kobe earthquake?

A
  • Retro engineering- govt. funds rebuilding of roads/buildings
  • Home insurance - people can rebuild homes
  • Seismologists monitor area
  • Emergency services trained in earthquake response
  • National Hazard Prep day
  • $6.8 million to rebuild port
29
Q

General info about Haiti earthquake?

A

12th January 2010
Magnitude 7
Caused by conservative boundary of Caribbean and North American plates - reactivated fault line under Port Au Prince

30
Q

Haiti demographic data?

A

GDP: $6.623 billion
Stage in DTM: 2
HDI: 0.483
Life Expectancy: 61.87

31
Q

Primary impacts of Haiti earthquake?

A
  • 250,000 killed
  • 1 million homeless
  • 1 in 3 buildings collapsed
  • People buried in rubble
  • 4000 criminals escaped
  • Violence and social unrest
32
Q

Secondary impacts of Haiti earthquake?

A
  • Disease - 7000 died from cholera
  • Cholera due to water contamination from sewage in river running past city
  • Only 132 saved
  • Temporary shelters
  • 80,000 evicted from camps
33
Q

Immediate responses to Haiti earthquake?

A
  • Slow response - slow aid from world
  • Only 1 ambulance
  • Haitians had to dig up rubble themselves
  • Port closed for 5 days and airport for 2 days
34
Q

Long term responses to Haiti earthquake?

A
  • Still not rebuilt within 2 years
  • Relocation to up to an hour away
  • No electricity/water in shelters
  • Weak response to disease
  • 1 million still in camps in 2011
  • NGOs spent $2 billion
35
Q

General info about Sendai tsunami?

A

11th March 2011
Caused by mega thrust quake 9.0 on subduction boundary of Pacific under Eurasian plate
P waves at 6km/s and S waves at 3km/s
Wave was 10m tall

36
Q

Primary impacts of Sendai tsunami?

A
  • 10 billion tonnes of water
  • Breached 10m tsunami wall
  • Fukushima flooded
  • 138,000 buildings destroyed
  • Shortages in food/water/shelter/medicine
  • 4.4 million houses without electricity and 1.5 million without water
37
Q

Secondary impacts of Sendai tsunami?

A
  • Fires
  • Flooding
  • Hundreds of aftershocks
  • Total of 20,000 dead
  • Mud volcanoes
  • Cracks in ground
  • Radiation from Fukushima after explosion
  • $360 billion in damage
38
Q

Immediate responses to Sendai tsunami?

A
  • Warnings across country gave some areas 20 mins to escape
  • Tokyo had a minute warning
  • Reactors at Fukushima shut down
  • UK sent search teams
  • Planes dumped water on Fukushima
39
Q

Long term responses to Sendai tsunami?

A
  • Seismometers
  • Temporary shelters
  • Red Cross donated $1 million
  • NGOs helped
40
Q

General info about Banda Aceh tsunami?

A

Boxing Day 2004
Affected Sumatra, the Maldives, Thailand, Sri Lanka
Magnitude 9.1 earthquake caused by subduction of Australian plate under the Indonesian plate
500mph wave

41
Q

Primary impacts of Banda Aceh tsunami?

A
  • 250,000 dead
  • Debris moved at 40mph
  • Buildings collapsed
  • None saved in Sumatra- 75% of total deaths here
  • Land destroyed in Thailand
  • 45,000 killed in Sumatra
  • Wetlands damaged
42
Q

Secondary impacts of Banda Aceh tsunami?

A
  • Shifted earth
  • Aftershocks for months
  • 9000 tourists lost
  • Impact on fishing communities
  • Tourism badly affected
  • Sri Lanka and Maldives lost 80% of GDP
  • 1 million homeless in Sri Lanka
43
Q

Immediate responses to Banda Aceh tsunami?

A
  • Pacific warning system in Pacific Ocean
  • Pacific Tsunami Warning centre monitored ocean but couldn’t send a warning to the Indian ocean
  • No tsunami education
44
Q

Secondary responses to Banda Aceh tsunami?

A
  • 26 new buoys in Pacific Ocean to help monitor
  • Permanent housing
  • Charity ‘World Renew’ restored 37,000 livelihoods
  • Early warning system now in Indian Ocean
  • UK govt sent £32 million in funds

A2 Geography (7 decks)

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