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A2 Geography > Tectonics Facts > Flashcards

Tectonics Facts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ocean ridge caused by? And how does this lead to the submarine volcanoes?

A

As two plates pull apart they form a weaker zone in the crust
The weaker zone is exposed to high temperatures which causes it to expand and stretch - forming a ridge
The split in the crust provides a lower pressure zone where more liquid lava can erupt to form submarine volcanoes
Continued eruptions may cause volcanoes to develop at the surface

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2
Q

Give an example of an island/country formed by an ocean ridge?

A

Iceland

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3
Q

Where are ocean trenches found (boundary) and what is an example of one?

A

Oceanic/oceanic subduction plate margins

Mariana Trench

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4
Q

What are some examples of fold mountains?

A

The Himalayas
The Rockies
The Andes
The Alps

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5
Q

What are island arcs?

A

Curved chains of volcanic islands located at a plate margin

Caused by destructive subduction

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6
Q

What is an example of an island arc?

A

Japanese Islands

- where North American, Pacific, Eurasian and Phillipine plates come together

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7
Q

What are major extrusive landforms? Examples

A

Molten rock that reaches the surfaces

  • Fissures
  • Shield volcanoes
  • Acid/dome volcanoes
  • Ash and cinder cone
  • Composite cones
  • Calderras
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8
Q

What is a fissure? Example?

A

Where two plates move apart and lava is released through fissures rather than central vent
- Giant’s Causeway, Northern Ireland

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9
Q

What is a shield volcano? Example?

A

Wide volcano with gently sloping sides with runny lava

- Mauna Loa

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10
Q

What is an acid/dome volcano? Example?

A

Steep sided volcano where lava has solidified near the crater
- Mt Pelee, Martinique

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11
Q

What is an ash and cinder cone? Example?

A

Ash and cinders build up layers to form a symmetrical cone with slightly concave sides
- Paricutin, Mexico

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12
Q

What is a composite cone? Example?

A

Formed from alternating gentle eruptions releasign acidic lava, steep sided
- Mt Etna, Sicily

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13
Q

What is a calderra? Example?

A

Massive crater, magma chamber below volcano may be cleared out by gas build up being released
- Mt Pinatubo, Phillappines

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14
Q

What are the 6 types of eruption and their features?

A

Icelandic - lava flows gently from long fissure
Hawaiian - lava emitted gently from a vent
Strombolian - small but frequent eruptions
Vulcanian - violent and less frequent
Peelean - violent eruption accompanied by pyroclastic flow
Plinian - large amounts of lava and pyroclastic

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15
Q

What is a minor extrusive landforms? Examples

A

Smaller

  • Geysers
  • Hot springs
  • Mud pots
  • Solfatara
  • Fumaroles
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16
Q

What’s a geyser? Example?

A

Formed when water in the lower crust is heated by rocks which increases pressure that causes steam to explode on surface
- Old Faithful, Yellowstone

17
Q

What is a hot spring? Example?

A

Formed when water seeps into underground hot volcanic rocks which then flows back to the Earth’s surface
- Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone

18
Q

What is a mud pot? Example?

A

Formed in geothermal areas where water is in short supply, water rises to surface which boils mud and clay
- Fountain Paint Pots, Yellowstone

19
Q

What is a solfatara?

A

Volcanic vent/fissure giving off vapours of sulphurous gases

20
Q

What is a fumarole?

A

Where super heated water turns to steam, pressure dropping when it hits the surface

21
Q

What is an intrusive landform? Examples

A

Molten rock injected into crust

- Batholiths, dikes, sills, plutons and laccoliths

22
Q

What is a batholith? Example?

A

Large deep seated mass of magma that cools to form coarse grained rock
- Cornubian Batholith, Cornwall

23
Q

What is a sill? Example?

A

Horizontal intrusion along the bedding planes with vertical cooling cracks that contract and crack more
- Whin Sill, North Yorkshire

24
Q

What is a dyke? Example?

A

Vertical intrusion with horizontal cooling cracks

- Kildonan, Arran, Scotland

25
Q

What are the 3 types of seismic waves and their features?

A

Primary: fastest, shake backwards and forwards, move through solids and liquids
Secondary: slower, move sideways shaking earth at right angles to direction of travel, do more damage than P waves
Surface: near the surface, move the slowest, most destructive

26
Q

What do surface waves include?

A

Love waves: sideways movement

Rayleigh waves: up and down movement

27
Q

What are the two scales that measure magnitude and what do they do?

A

Richter scale: logarithmic scale with each unit representing a 10 fold increase n strength (x10)
Moment magnitude: Developed to succeed the Richter Scale and is more accurate for quakes above 3.5

28
Q

What’s the Mercalli scaled?

A

Measures damage of seismic events

29
Q

What are the 4 steps of a tsunami?

A

Tsunamigenesis - fault, displacement, waves radiate from epicentre
Tsunami draw back - ocean sucked back
Tsunami run up - approaching wave and rise in sea level
Tsunami land fall- movement of contact, destruction, inundation

30
Q

What are the geomorphological effects of earthquakes?

A
  • Ground shaking
  • Landslides
  • Avalanches
  • Tsunamis
31
Q

What are the factors affecting the severity of an earthquake?

A
  • Magnitude
  • Distance decay (distance from epicentre)
  • Underlying geology
  • Human factors (population density, economic stance, infrastructure, monitoring/preparation)
32
Q

What are the secondary effects of earthquakes?

A
  • Tsunamis
  • Landslides and avalanches
  • Liquefaction
33
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

Where the ground becomes liquid like- shaking reduces pore water pressure, the soil becomes weak and falls and the groundwater carries it to the surface where its liquified

34
Q

What does the human impacts of earthquakes depend on?

A
  • Pop density
  • Distance from epicentre
  • Economic development
  • Stability
  • International cooperation
35
Q

What are seismographs and how can they be used?

A
  • They measure and record shock waves created by earthquakes
  • They locate and measure the size of waves and are used in data analysis to establish patterns of activity
  • This can help with future prediction and planning
36
Q

What are intra plate vents?

A

Areas not near plate margins where earthquakes occur

- Earthquakes happen due to lines of weakness being reactivated by crustal stress or tremors

A2 Geography (7 decks)

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