Working Memory Flashcards
Baddeley 1966
Memory for spoken words Different longer/shorter time spans Immediate recall for phonetically similar words was poorer but good for semantically similar words like huge, big, large all same meaning Semantic + Phonetic -
What is working memory
It co ordinates our mental operations, it goes beyond the idea of just retaining info like STM
Miller
Span of immediate memory is only a few items
7 plus or minus 2 briefly presented stimuli r forgotten rapidly
Murdock
Modal model Late 1960s STM is a limited capacity store Control processes used to maintain info STM gradually transferred to LTM
Atkinson and shiffrin
Model account
One of the memory stores
Best known example of short term store is labelled as working memory as it contains control processes such as rehearsal, coding decision and retrieval strategies
These are optional nt automatic
Challenges of the modal model
Different way to collect evidence for distinguishing STM/LTM gave different results unsure y
Does STM actually act as a working memory KF patient neuro evidence.
Shallice and Warrington had auditory digest span of two items however performed normally on LTM learning and memory this suggests a separate location STM store.
Just and carpenter
Comprehension of sentences
Evidence to show ppl wit low working memory capacity = more difficult for multipul possible representations to b maintained.
Garden path lead the person to incorrect answer.
HOWEVER
Caplan and waters argue comprehension requires more then just simply working memory.
Dual task paradigm
Baddeley and hitch
Investigate STM to see if it acted as a working memory
If the task used was reading or earning lists for free recall
A) STM tasks disrupt wide range of cognitive tasks = this supports the idea of a working memory combining tempory storage with ongoing mental operations
B) working memory concept is more then STM if the STM is full no break down in cognition = working memory has some other resources nt shared with the STM.
Evidence to support dual task paradigm
Individual differences, two tasks, similar psychological processes, if do wel, in one will do well on another = positive correlation was observed
Daneman and carpenter
Sat standard measure of STM such as word span, digits DON’T require ongoing mental processing operations to be combined with storage
Did a novel reading span task, found reading span correlated with comprehension eg fact questions, pro noun questions and verbal stats, whereas word span did NOT. Supporting BADDELEY AND HITCH.
What is the articulatory loop
Part of the tripartite model
Baddeley and hitch 1974
Was re evaluated to the phonological loop later on
It is a limited capacity speech based store
What is the tripartite model
Baddeley and hitch
Made up of the phonological loop, central executive and visual sketch pad
Think of iPhone the central executive is the main control like a Big Mac but the others can hold information if have to much info like an iPhone
What did De Renzi and nichelli say
Evidence from the visual sketch pad
Neurological evidence
Partners with brain damage
Used the Corsi (9cubes) for visual and auditory digest span for hearing
Found the eyes and ears are separate meaning a separate non verbal store as they can be impaired separately
Support fr e sketch pad.
Baddeley and Lieberman
Looked at spatial vs visual. Found that visual aids are disrupted by spatial tasks but not visual tasks suggesting mental imagery is spatial rather then visual
When looking at the visual sketch pad
Hitch, brandimonte and walker
This research contradicts that done by Baddeley and Lieberman. Participants had to superimpose mentally found that backgrounds had an effect suggesting images preserve information about visual appearances
Logie
Suggests different visual and spatial systems. Spatial can rehearse visual the visuo-spatial equivalent to the articulatory loop
