Eye Witness Flashcards
System variable
Wells
Variable you can control
Line ups, the way the information is taken from the witness
Wells
1978
Lines ups
Accuracy depends on certain variables
System/estimator
Estimator variable
Wells
Line ups
Variables you cannot control eg stress, distance from event witnessed
Wells and Olson
2001 Sub categories Line ups General impairment Suspect bias
General impairment
Wells and Olson
Own race bias Meissner and Brigham
Age bias anastasi Rhodes
Suspect bias
Wells Olson
2001
The construction of the line up
How the line up is chosen
PACE
Police and criminal evidence act this is the guide lines and regulations
Simultaneous line up
Where all the suspects stands in a line and are all seen together
Sequential line up
Suspects are shown to the witness one at a time
What is the Yerkes-Dodson
Emotional stress
Emotional arousal= negative memory performance
Christianson
Disagrees saying the evidence for the Yerkes-Dodson law is inadequate
Deffenbacher 1994
Emotion and stress in recall
Added more cognitive to the theory said there is a 3 dimensional model
When cog anxiety is high we get a physiological stress response and we reach a point where we decrease in memory
Morgan 2004
Did the army study in stress affecting memory did interviews an interigater
Results showed there was equal results in both high and low stress levels
Valentine and mesout 2009
Used London dungeon in stress on memory for ecological validity
Results showed that participants did increase arousal- heart rates did increase participants who had greatest arousal recalled fewer correct details.
Fisher and geiselman 1992
Looked at interview techniques A cognitive interview free recall Go back See, hear, smell, touch Help to ensure accurate information is recalled
Gabbert et al 2004
Looked at the social context of eye witness
Looked at memory conformity
Found that misinformation has more effect with it is face to face and also did the I saw it for longer then you study.
Paterson
Used misinformation
Found that even when participants were warned about the effects of misinformation, misinformation effect still occurred.
Echterhoff et al 2005
Found that if the credibility was weaker then the effects of misinformation was weaker.
Memon et al
Found that cog interview was effective but police officers do not fully use the different components
Tulving 1983
Encoding specificity principle - better retrieving if cues available at recall - travel back to get cues cog research suggests its good and evidence shows this is a good method to use with children.
Kneller et al
Found that in line ups ppl expect the perp to be there
Bottom et al 2002
Social factors in eye witness
Older children more influenced by social context then young
Reports may b more accurate but may fall at emotional and social demands family cases
Eg don’t tell them I let you do that
Goodman
Argues that age affects the influence of suggestibility on children
Gordon et al 2001
Children eye witness
Stereotyping effects
Bad person
Smith 1991
Categories features and prototype
Evidence with mock juries ppl made decisions on prototype info
Evidence showed per existing knowledge is favoured which is not good they fill in the blanks
Pennington and hastie 1986
Did the story model on the processes a jury goes through
1 active interpretive evaluate the evidence
2 generate theories
3 matching process the best story link to evidence.
