working length

Question 1

The location of apical constriction is considered to be 0.5-1mm short of the anatomical apex

Answer 1

Kutler 1955

Question 2

The distance from the apical constriction to the apical foramen was approximately 0.5mm in younger age group and 0.7mm in older age group.

Answer 2

Kutler 1955

Question 3

EAL more reliable in determining WL

Answer 3

Pratten & McDOnald 1996

Question 4

Epidemiological studies have reported that the best prognosis is when the root filling lies within 2 mm of the radiographic apex

Answer 4

Sjogen et al 1990

Question 5

Every millimetre loss in working length increased the chance of treatment failure by 14 per cent

Answer 5

Chugal et al.

Question 6

Teeth obturated 0–1mm from the radiographic apex showed better healing outcomes than teeth obturated greater than 1mm from the apex, while others have found that the best outcome occurs when the root filling extends to within 2mm of the radiographic apex.

Answer 6

Schaeffer et al

Question 7

working length determination by using EAL may perform better than radiography alone.

Answer 7

Martins et al 2014

Question 8

Periapical and intracanal healing following incomplete root canal fillings in dogs

Answer 8

Davis & Joseph 1971

Question 9

apical foramen deviated from the anatomical apex in approximately 92.4 per cent of cases, with a mean deviation of 0.59 mm

Answer 9

Burch & Huien (1972

Question 10

83 per cent of the apical foramina were located to one side of the apex, and in some cases 2-3 mm distant from it

Answer 10

Pineda & Kutler 1972

Question 11

66.4 per cent of the apical foramina deviated away from the anatomical apex, while 33.6 per cent of the teeth in the study had foramina that deviated buccally or lingually.

Answer 11

Levy & Glatt 1970