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Linguage language longguige > Word structure > Flashcards

Word structure Flashcards

1
Q

parts of speech

using new words in sentences

A
  • Know how a new word can be used even if dont know what it means
  • example - ‘try to stop a bandersnatch’ know it is grammatical
    non-random class of sentence phrase
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2
Q

parts of speech aka:

A

word classes
syntactic/lexical categories

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3
Q

Categorise parts of speech by:

A
  1. Form
  2. Distribution
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4
Q

parts of speech examples

A

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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5
Q

FORM

A

ways in which the word can change to show different features
- what kinds of morphemes we can add to it

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6
Q

DISTRIBUTION

A

where the word can occur in the sentence

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7
Q

Morpheme

A

smallest unit of lingustic expression associated with a meaning
- indivisible recurring
- if broken smaller, parts are no longer meaningful
- words comprise of 1-2 morphemes

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8
Q

Morpheme examples

spelling doesnt matter, its what you hear

A

dogs - dog + s = 2 morphemes
carpet = 1
babie + s = 2
memorie + s = 2
unhappily - un + happi + ly = 3

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9
Q

suffixes

A

attach after a stem
eg. dog-s, work-ing

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10
Q

Prefixes

A

attach before a stem
eg. un-happy

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11
Q

parts of speech are defined…?

A

morphosyntactically
language-internally

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12
Q

English

Noun

person, place, thing

A

regular - dog to dogs
irregular - tooth-teeth, child-children
appear –> DET, ADJ, NOUN - the brown dog
–> det, noun, verb - the dog barked

number shown morphosyntactically

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13
Q

Verbs

doing words

A

form - morphological past tense
regular - walk, walked, walking
irregular - sing, sang, fight, fought

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14
Q

Adjectives

A

form - show morphological comparative and superlative
quick~quicker~quickest
small~smaller~smallest

this lecture seems sensational. very sensational.

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15
Q

Adverbs

A

form - some are ADJ + ly
modifies the verb.
eg. quickly
also lovely, soon, certainly.

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16
Q

Parts of speech

Open classes

A

Defined by their tendency to accept new words
= easily accept new words
- open classes in English are noun, adjectives, verbs, interjections

example - ‘i have a Zoom at 3pm’

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17
Q

Closed classes

A

Do not easily accept new words
closed english classes - determiner, pronuons, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions

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18
Q

what are Determiners

A
  • they introduce NPs and narrow the reference
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19
Q

types of determiners

4x

A
  1. demonstratives - deictic determiners (need context), closeness and farness this cat, these, those
  2. quantifiers - indicates how many. some, many, each, less.
  3. possessive - indicate ownership, my, your, he, their, our
  4. articles - definiteness - the cat, infinite - a, an.
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20
Q

Pronouns

A

personal - you, you guys
demonstrative - this, that, these, like determiners but pattern syntactically as pronouns.

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21
Q

Prepositions

A

refer to time or space
- in, on, for, by, over__

22
Q

auxiliary verbs

A

helping verbs
given info on tense + mood
HAVE, BE

  • just auxiliaries are- will, would, shall, do, be, might
23
Q

Words are better called…?

24
Q

English monomorphic words

A

cat, help, bake, dedicate

25
English multimorphemic
cats, help-ed, un-help-ful bak-er-s, re-decicate, dedicat-ion, re-dedicat-ion-s
26
# 4 things Classify morphemes based on:
1. freedom of occurence 2. morphological structure 3. mode of attachment 4. morphological function
27
# Morphemes can be...? Freedom of occurence | F, B
1. free - can occur as independent words 2. bound - must attach to other morpheme HELP = free un, ful = bound | un-help-ful
28
# 3 types Morphological structure | R, A, S
1. root - core morpheme 2. affix - bound morphwmw which modified central meaning (ing, ed) 3. stem - base to which inflectional affixes attach aggress, digress = GRESS (bound) | roots eg. work, working, works = WORK ## Footnote affixes - un, re, modern-ise-d
29
Stem is...
= base to which inflectional morphemes can attach comprises at least the root - might be root + derivational affixes
30
stem example
act: act = root + stem action: act = root ion = derivational affix action = stem | nation = root and stem ## Footnote national = nation (root), national (stem) nationality = nation (root), nationality (stem)
31
Mode of attachment | prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix ## Footnote reduplication, non-linear morphology
prefix - attach before the root suffix - attach after the root infix - attach within a root (fan-bloody-tastic) circumfix - attach around a root (before and after) eg enlighten
32
Reduplication
- peepee, poopoo copy all/part of root pejorativeness - test shmest
33
non-linear morphology
manipulates the root eg. sing, sang, goose, geese
34
Morphological function | Inflectional and derivational
non-root morphemes are either inflectional or derivational
35
Inflectional morphology ?
encodes grammatical information about the function of the word in a clause | inflection = changes grammatical properties, but same lexeme
36
Derivational morphology ?
creates new words by changing word class/basic meanings of what it attaches to | = changes lexical meaning, different lexeme
37
inflection/derivation example | for sematic effect
**root --> derivation --> inflection** cat --> catty --> cats write --> writer --> wrote
38
decide if derivational or inflectional 7 ways
1. semantic effect 2. syntactically-determined 3. effect on word class 4. semantic predictability 5. productivity 6. occurs in paradigms 7. location
39
1. semantic effect
D = changes lexical meaning, becomes different lexeme I = changes grammatical properties, same lexeme
40
2 syntactically-determined/requiredness
D = not demanded by syntactic context/grammatical requirements I = required by syntax eg. write-r, write-s
41
3 effect on part of speech/word class
if derivation produces new lexeme --> potential change in part of speech inflection --> no new lexeme --> no change | derivations can produce new lexeme but not diff word class eg write, re-
42
4 semantic predictability
- meaning of a derived lexeme - not 100% predictable eg. short-er, walk-ed, poodle-s - meaning of an inflected lexeme - predictable eg. dos-age, pilgrim-age
43
5 productivity
inflection = applies across designated class - eg. maze-es, magnolia-s derivation = semi-productiive, not apply to all - eg. ADJ deep, N depth
44
6 paradigms
belongs to inflectional morphemes - morphemes which all differ - eg. italian plural words parliamo, parlate, parlano (all different)
45
7 location
derivation occurs before inflection - new lexeme formed before grammatically changed - eg. orphan-age-s, dep-th-s D = age, th I = s
46
English inflectional morphemes such as...
attach to Verb = -s, -ed, ing, en attach to N= -s attach to Adj = er, est
47
what are lexemes
set of grammatical words that are forms of the same word - members of the lexeme have the same root
48
lexeme examples
lexeme - grammatical words (members) of that lexeme PIZZA - pizza - pizzas GO - go, goes, going - went, gone WHITE - white, whiter, whitest (adjective inflection)
49
Paradigms are: | with example
tables of grammatically-related forms comparative - smaller superlative - smallest | Stem = small comparative - smaller superlative - smallest
50
paradigms for portugese and finnish
Portugese - cant-e-i, cant-a-ste, cant-o-u Finnish inflections require different stems eg. ovi, oven, ovea, ovia (root = ov, stems= e,i, affix = a,n
51
UNNATURAL:
The root is nature, which is derived into natural, then derived into unnatural. There are no inflectional morphemes in this word.

Linguage language longguige (10 decks)

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