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Linguage language longguige > Word structure > Flashcards

Word structure Flashcards

1
Q

parts of speech

using new words in sentences

A
  • Know how a new word can be used even if dont know what it means
  • example - ‘try to stop a bandersnatch’ know it is grammatical
    non-random class of sentence phrase
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2
Q

parts of speech aka:

A

word classes
syntactic/lexical categories

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3
Q

Categorise parts of speech by:

A
  1. Form
  2. Distribution
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4
Q

parts of speech examples

A

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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5
Q

FORM

A

ways in which the word can change to show different features
- what kinds of morphemes we can add to it

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6
Q

DISTRIBUTION

A

where the word can occur in the sentence

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7
Q

Morpheme

A

smallest unit of lingustic expression associated with a meaning
- indivisible recurring
- if broken smaller, parts are no longer meaningful
- words comprise of 1-2 morphemes

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8
Q

Morpheme examples

spelling doesnt matter, its what you hear

A

dogs - dog + s = 2 morphemes
carpet = 1
babie + s = 2
memorie + s = 2
unhappily - un + happi + ly = 3

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9
Q

suffixes

A

attach after a stem
eg. dog-s, work-ing

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10
Q

Prefixes

A

attach before a stem
eg. un-happy

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11
Q

parts of speech are defined…?

A

morphosyntactically
language-internally

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12
Q

English

Noun

person, place, thing

A

regular - dog to dogs
irregular - tooth-teeth, child-children
appear –> DET, ADJ, NOUN - the brown dog
–> det, noun, verb - the dog barked

number shown morphosyntactically

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13
Q

Verbs

doing words

A

form - morphological past tense
regular - walk, walked, walking
irregular - sing, sang, fight, fought

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14
Q

Adjectives

A

form - show morphological comparative and superlative
quick~quicker~quickest
small~smaller~smallest

this lecture seems sensational. very sensational.

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15
Q

Adverbs

A

form - some are ADJ + ly
modifies the verb.
eg. quickly
also lovely, soon, certainly.

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16
Q

Parts of speech

Open classes

A

Defined by their tendency to accept new words
= easily accept new words
- open classes in English are noun, adjectives, verbs, interjections

example - ‘i have a Zoom at 3pm’

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17
Q

Closed classes

A

Do not easily accept new words
closed english classes - determiner, pronuons, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions

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18
Q

what are Determiners

A
  • they introduce NPs and narrow the reference
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19
Q

types of determiners

4x

A
  1. demonstratives - deictic determiners (need context), closeness and farness this cat, these, those
  2. quantifiers - indicates how many. some, many, each, less.
  3. possessive - indicate ownership, my, your, he, their, our
  4. articles - definiteness - the cat, infinite - a, an.
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20
Q

Pronouns

A

personal - you, you guys
demonstrative - this, that, these, like determiners but pattern syntactically as pronouns.

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21
Q

Prepositions

A

refer to time or space
- in, on, for, by, over__

22
Q

auxiliary verbs

A

helping verbs
given info on tense + mood
HAVE, BE

  • just auxiliaries are- will, would, shall, do, be, might
23
Q

Words are better called…?

A

Lexemes

24
Q

English monomorphic words

A

cat, help, bake, dedicate

25
Q

English multimorphemic

A

cats, help-ed, un-help-ful
bak-er-s,
re-decicate, dedicat-ion, re-dedicat-ion-s

26
Q

4 things

Classify morphemes based on:

A
  1. freedom of occurence
  2. morphological structure
  3. mode of attachment
  4. morphological function
27
Q

Morphemes can be…?

Freedom of occurence

F, B

A
  1. free - can occur as independent words
  2. bound - must attach to other morpheme

HELP = free
un, ful = bound

un-help-ful

28
Q

3 types

Morphological structure

R, A, S

A
  1. root - core morpheme
  2. affix - bound morphwmw which modified central meaning (ing, ed)
  3. stem - base to which inflectional affixes attach

aggress, digress = GRESS (bound)

roots eg. work, working, works = WORK

affixes - un, re, modern-ise-d

29
Q

Stem is…

A

= base to which inflectional morphemes can attach
comprises at least the root
- might be root + derivational affixes

30
Q

stem example

A

act:
act = root + stem
action:
act = root
ion = derivational affix
action = stem

nation = root and stem

national = nation (root), national (stem)
nationality = nation (root), nationality (stem)

31
Q

Mode of attachment

prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix

reduplication, non-linear morphology

A

prefix - attach before the root
suffix - attach after the root
infix - attach within a root (fan-bloody-tastic)
circumfix - attach around a root (before and after) eg enlighten

32
Q

Reduplication

A
  • peepee, poopoo
    copy all/part of root
    pejorativeness - test shmest
33
Q

non-linear morphology

A

manipulates the root
eg. sing, sang, goose, geese

34
Q

Morphological function

Inflectional and derivational

A

non-root morphemes are either inflectional or derivational

35
Q

Inflectional morphology ?

A

encodes grammatical information about the function of the word in a clause

inflection = changes grammatical properties, but same lexeme

36
Q

Derivational morphology ?

A

creates new words by changing word class/basic meanings of what it attaches to

= changes lexical meaning, different lexeme

37
Q

inflection/derivation example

for sematic effect

A

root –> derivation –> inflection
cat –> catty –> cats
write –> writer –> wrote

38
Q

decide if derivational or inflectional 7 ways

A
  1. semantic effect
  2. syntactically-determined
  3. effect on word class
  4. semantic predictability
  5. productivity
  6. occurs in paradigms
  7. location
39
Q
  1. semantic effect
A

D = changes lexical meaning, becomes different lexeme
I = changes grammatical properties, same lexeme

40
Q

2 syntactically-determined/requiredness

A

D = not demanded by syntactic context/grammatical requirements
I = required by syntax
eg. write-r, write-s

41
Q

3 effect on part of speech/word class

A

if derivation produces new lexeme –> potential change in part of speech
inflection –> no new lexeme –> no change

derivations can produce new lexeme but not diff word class eg write, re-

42
Q

4 semantic predictability

A
  • meaning of a derived lexeme - not 100% predictable
    eg. short-er, walk-ed, poodle-s
  • meaning of an inflected lexeme - predictable
    eg. dos-age, pilgrim-age
43
Q

5 productivity

A

inflection = applies across designated class
- eg. maze-es, magnolia-s
derivation = semi-productiive, not apply to all
- eg. ADJ deep, N depth

44
Q

6 paradigms

A

belongs to inflectional morphemes
- morphemes which all differ
- eg. italian plural words parliamo, parlate, parlano (all different)

45
Q

7 location

A

derivation occurs before inflection
- new lexeme formed before grammatically changed
- eg. orphan-age-s, dep-th-s
D = age, th
I = s

46
Q

English inflectional morphemes such as…

A

attach to Verb = -s, -ed, ing, en
attach to N= -s
attach to Adj = er, est

47
Q

what are lexemes

A

set of grammatical words that are forms of the same word
- members of the lexeme have the same root

48
Q

lexeme examples

A

lexeme - grammatical words (members) of that lexeme
PIZZA
- pizza
- pizzas

GO
- go, goes, going
- went, gone

WHITE
- white, whiter, whitest (adjective inflection)

49
Q

Paradigms are:

with example

A

tables of grammatically-related forms

comparative - smaller
superlative - smallest

Stem = small
comparative - smaller
superlative - smallest

50
Q

paradigms for portugese and finnish

A

Portugese - cant-e-i, cant-a-ste, cant-o-u
Finnish inflections require different stems
eg. ovi, oven, ovea, ovia (root = ov, stems= e,i, affix = a,n

51
Q

UNNATURAL:

A

The root is nature, which is derived into natural, then derived into unnatural. There are no inflectional morphemes in this word.

Linguage language longguige (10 decks)

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