subcategorisation, alignment, config, marking

Question 1

definition

Subcategorisation of verbs

Answer 1

the division of verbs into subcategories based on number and syntactic category (phrase type) of the complements they appear with

Question 2

3 subcategories/transivity

Answer 2

Intransitive verbs

Transitive

Ditransitive

Question 3

Intransitive verbs

Answer 3

• 0 NP/CP complements = 0 direct objects
• subject
• eg. Sam laughs. Sam listens to music

Question 4

Transitive verbs

Transitive subcategorise for 1 complement

Answer 4

Transitive verbs
- 1 NP/CP complement
- subject
- eg. Sam collected… Sam thinks…

Question 5

Ditransitive verbs

Answer 5

Ditransitive verbs
- 2 complements (2NP, NP+ CP, NP+ PP
- subject
- Sam gave Pat a dollar. Sam gave a dollar to Pat.
- Sam told Pat im a clown.

Question 6

Grammatical relations is

Answer 6

the different types of syntactic relationships that constituents can have with the predicate that require them

Question 7

2 grammatical relations

Answer 7

• subject
• object

these are defined morphosyntactically (form and bheaviour in sentences) and language-internally

Question 8

ENGLISH CASE

Answer 8

Nominative accusative, possessive
subject, object

S and A are marked nominative
P is accusative

subjects - 1SG i, we, you, 3SG he, she it, 3PL they
objects - me, us, you, them
possessive - my our your, their, his her

Question 9

English subjects

before verb

Answer 9

• precede (before) the main verb
• appears in nominative case
• verb agrees with person and number
• is obligatory

Question 10

subjects - agreement

Answer 10

Verb changes its form based on person + number of one of its constituents (SUBJECT)
I am eating burgers
You are eating burgers

Question 11

subject - case

morphological case- constituent marked to show role in the clause

Answer 11

English - in pronouns only
- I kissed the dog = 1SG subject
- the dog kissed me = 1SG object
- Bob kissed my dog = 1SG possessor

Question 12

subjects obligatory

Answer 12

all clauses require a subject
- eg. wombats sheltered under my house
- its raining (pleonatic subject) *raining

Question 13

English objects

after verb

Answer 13

• constituent that appears in accusative case if a pronoun
• follows the main verb

the dog kissed me, us, them

Question 14

objects in word order

Answer 14

‘humans love making errors’
- making = verb
- errors = object

Question 15

english indirect objects

Answer 15

complements that are PP
‘the bird placed the egg in the nest

Question 16

Morphosyntactic alignment

Answer 16

how S, A, and P are treated morphosyntactially (form, structure of words in sentence)

Question 17

universal primes of S A P

Answer 17

**S **= intransitive - expressed argument of intransitive verbs, subject
**A **= transitive - most agent-like expressed argument (subject) of transitive/ditransitive verb
P = object - other arguement of di/transitive verb

Question 18

Nominative accusative

like English

Answer 18

S and A behave the same

Question 19

Ergative absolutive

like Warlmanpa

Answer 19

S and P behave the same

Question 20

Tripartite

Answer 20

S , A , P behave differently

Question 21

-Ø morpheme

Answer 21

absence of a suffix
- nominative

Question 22

typology

Answer 22

design space of language

Question 23

morphological type is

Answer 23

classifying languages based on their overall morphological profiles

Question 24

MORPHOLOGICAL TYPE HAS

2 parameters:

Answer 24

• Synthesis
• Fusion

Question 25

Synthesis

number of morphemes per word

synthetic and isolating

Answer 25

Synthetic **= many words are multimorphemic
- combining many morphemes per word
- Mudburra

**Isolating **= many words are monomorphemic
- 1-1-1 morpheme word meaning correpondence
- to add new meaning(tense, plural) add another word
- Vietnamese

Question 26

Fusion

number of meanings per morpheme

segmentability of words into units

Answer 26

Agglutinating languages
- one meaning per morpheme
- clear boundaries between morphemes
- words >1 morpheme
- eg Turkish - man (adam) adam, adami, adamlar, adamlari

Fusional languages
- multiple meanings per morpheme
- boundaries are hard to determine
- Russian

Question 27

morphological types english examples

Answer 27

isolating - will, have, a, for
agglutinating - anti-dis-establish
fusional - she (3rd person singular), brought (past tense bring)
polysynthetic - glue-sniffing

Question 28

Word order typology

= constituent order

Answer 28

languages classified according to how S, O, V are arranged

Question 29

predicting order

Answer 29

VO prepositions - P-NP, N-AdjP, Aux-VP head-dependent

VO postpositions - NP-P, AdjP-N, VP-Aux dependent head

Question 30

Configurationality

Answer 30

VO - right branching
- head-initial
- English

OV - left branching
- head-final
- Japanese

Question 31

Non-configuration

Answer 31

no strict ordering to elements in clauses
- Warlpiri

Question 32

Consituents role within its phrase of clause.

morphology on the head/dep

1. Head marking

Answer 32

nature of the relationship between a head and its dependents are indicated on the head

VERBS ARE CONSIDERED THE HEADS OF CLAUSE

Question 33

2. Dependent marking

Answer 33

nature of the relationship between a head and its dependents are indicated on the dependents

Question 34

English marking

Answer 34

bit of both
- pronomial case - dependent marking
- i saw them, they saw me

• verb agreement - head-marking
• the bird is swooping
• the birds are swooping
• i am swooping
• –> here, head tense (verb BE, is, are, am) is changing