Animal communication, speech acts, conversation Flashcards

1
Q

Animal communication systems

A

through body language, sound, movement

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2
Q

2 types of dances

European honey bees

A
  1. tail wagging dance
    - If food source more than 100m away
    - orientation of waggle run along centre line is direction of food in regards to sun
    - dance in angle based on sun
    - 1 second of dance 1km etc
  2. round dance
    - if food source is within 10m
    - speed and duration can signal richness of food source
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3
Q

Primates, birds and dolphins

A

Primates - discrete signs
birds
- call - defense, nesting, feeding
- song - mating, establish territory

dolphins
- whistle
- pulsed sounds - socialising
- clicks - echolocation

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4
Q

Defining human language

Hockett’s 4 Design features:

ADDP

A
  1. arbitrariness
  2. displacement
  3. duality of patterning
  4. productivity/creativity
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5
Q

Arbitrariness

A

human language - mostly symbolic signs, arbitrary relationship between signifier + signified.
animal communication = non-arbitrary (connection/predictable)
- chimp bearing teeth, sign teeth, meaning bite
- greater volume = greater intensity of danger, hunger

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6
Q

Displacement

A

ability to communicate about something distance in time, space
Animal communication - limited displacement eg bees- nectar is 200m away

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7
Q

2 levels

Duality of patterning

A

human language -meaningless sounds (m, ea) + meaningful (morphemes, d o g=dog)
- allows for a combination of words

Animal communication - signs not put into meaningless recombinable parts
- eg. sides of teeth clenched dont have separate meaning.

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8
Q

Productivity/creativity

A

Human language - units can be combined and recombined to create infinite number of utterances.
- talk about anything due to productivity of human language

Animal communication - no productivity, eg dogs cant describe things.

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9
Q

overall

Animal communication

A
  • animals dont use language
  • no animal communication system displays all the design features
  • ## animal communication not equal language
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10
Q

Animals ‘taught language’

A
  • some animals learn to communicate limited meanings through limited signs taught by humans
  • some lingustics aspects are learned eg sit, walk, stay
  • eg apes - signed, spoken or graphic language
  • modifications of lang
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11
Q

Pragmatics (form and content used)

Speech acts

A

An action carried out through language
- the act performing via speaking
- example - i promise to give you money

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12
Q

Locutionary content

A

the literal meaning of the words
their combination in the given sentence

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13
Q

Illocutionary force

A

what the speaker intends to do with the utterance

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14
Q

3 types of speech acts

A
  1. declaratives - statements
  2. interrogatives - questions
  3. imperatives - commands
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15
Q

RCDDEV

Searle’s speech acts

A
  1. representatives
  2. commissives
  3. directives
  4. declarations
  5. expressives
  6. verdicatives
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16
Q

Representatives

commissives

A

R = represent state of affairs in world
- assertion, claim, description
C = commit speaker to future course of action
- promise, threats, vows, refusals

17
Q

Directives
Declarations

A

D = direct addressee to carry out action
- command, request, dare, question, entreaty

D = utterances which bring about state of affairs, change the world by uttering it.
- marrying, naming, blessing, arresting, ending

18
Q

Expressives
Verdicatives

A

E = express speakers attitude/psychological state
- greeting, thanking, apologising

V = assessment of rightness/wrongness, passing judgement
- judging, condoning, permitting.

19
Q

Indirect speech acts

conversational implicature

A

Grice: the additional implied meaning of an utterance
= unstated meaning
- requires inference and understanding of conversational rules

20
Q

the speaker’s intentions

Illocution is based on 3 things…

A
  1. linguistic meaning of what is said - locutionary content
  2. contextual information
  3. assumption that speaker is obeying Cooperative Principle
21
Q

What is…

the cooperative principle

A

assumption that participants in conversation are uttering what is truthful, informative and engaged.

(unless reason to assume otherwise)

22
Q

4 Conversational maxims

A
  1. maxim of relation
  2. maxim of quantity (includes horn scales of all, most, some [semantically strong –> weak])
  3. maxim of quality
  4. maxim of manner
23
Q

obeying, flouting, violating

Flouting the maxim

A

deliberately disobeying maxim in a way for hearer to notice
- cooperative
- noticed by addressee

= rely on hearer’s ability to recognise that a maxim has been flouted.

Eg -flout quality ‘cant wait to do assignments’ - implicature no wantdo

24
Q

violating the maxims

A

eg. quantity - under/over informative
uncooperative

25
Conversations | what is? made up of?
- type of speech event - made up of sequences of speech acts like answers, greetings
26
# Conversation pragmatics 2 covert rules | they organise turns, help interlocutors predict next and repair errors
1. turn taking 2. adjacency pairs
27
Turn taking
- agree on who should speak at what point - when a turn is over | transcripts : = lengthened [ = overlap (0.3) = seconds pause. ^ prominen
28
resolve turn taking conflict by...
relinquishing the floor to the other speaker speaker turning up volume and continue to speak
29
how to know its next person's turn
- sentence finished (person stops talking) - tag questions - blah blah, isnt it? you know? - intonation - sharp rise, pitch up - non-verbal gestures and eye gaze
30
Adjacency pairs
interpreting an utterance - question and answer - apology and acceptance - compliment and accpetance/rejection - summons and acknowledgment
31
structure of adjacency pairs
1. two parts are continguous and from different speakers 2. two parts are typed (matched in type) 3. the two parts are ordered
32
preferred and disprefered responses
a particular type of 2nd part is preferred - is culturally specific - Request, questions, invitations - positive responses preferred = Self-deprication: negative responses preferred - dispreferred includes - apology, hesitation, hedges, pauses