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Linguage language longguige > Animal communication, speech acts, conversation > Flashcards

Animal communication, speech acts, conversation Flashcards

1
Q

Animal communication systems

A

through body language, sound, movement

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2
Q

2 types of dances

European honey bees

A
  1. tail wagging dance
    - If food source more than 100m away
    - orientation of waggle run along centre line is direction of food in regards to sun
    - dance in angle based on sun
    - 1 second of dance 1km etc
  2. round dance
    - if food source is within 10m
    - speed and duration can signal richness of food source
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3
Q

Primates, birds and dolphins

A

Primates - discrete signs
birds
- call - defense, nesting, feeding
- song - mating, establish territory

dolphins
- whistle
- pulsed sounds - socialising
- clicks - echolocation

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4
Q

Defining human language

Hockett’s 4 Design features:

ADDP

A
  1. arbitrariness
  2. displacement
  3. duality of patterning
  4. productivity/creativity
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5
Q

Arbitrariness

A

human language - mostly symbolic signs, arbitrary relationship between signifier + signified.
animal communication = non-arbitrary (connection/predictable)
- chimp bearing teeth, sign teeth, meaning bite
- greater volume = greater intensity of danger, hunger

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6
Q

Displacement

A

ability to communicate about something distance in time, space
Animal communication - limited displacement eg bees- nectar is 200m away

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7
Q

2 levels

Duality of patterning

A

human language -meaningless sounds (m, ea) + meaningful (morphemes, d o g=dog)
- allows for a combination of words

Animal communication - signs not put into meaningless recombinable parts
- eg. sides of teeth clenched dont have separate meaning.

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8
Q

Productivity/creativity

A

Human language - units can be combined and recombined to create infinite number of utterances.
- talk about anything due to productivity of human language

Animal communication - no productivity, eg dogs cant describe things.

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9
Q

overall

Animal communication

A
  • animals dont use language
  • no animal communication system displays all the design features
  • ## animal communication not equal language
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10
Q

Animals ‘taught language’

A
  • some animals learn to communicate limited meanings through limited signs taught by humans
  • some lingustics aspects are learned eg sit, walk, stay
  • eg apes - signed, spoken or graphic language
  • modifications of lang
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11
Q

Pragmatics (form and content used)

Speech acts

A

An action carried out through language
- the act performing via speaking
- example - i promise to give you money

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12
Q

Locutionary content

A

the literal meaning of the words
their combination in the given sentence

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13
Q

Illocutionary force

A

what the speaker intends to do with the utterance

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14
Q

3 types of speech acts

A
  1. declaratives - statements
  2. interrogatives - questions
  3. imperatives - commands
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15
Q

RCDDEV

Searle’s speech acts

A
  1. representatives
  2. commissives
  3. directives
  4. declarations
  5. expressives
  6. verdicatives
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16
Q

Representatives

commissives

A

R = represent state of affairs in world
- assertion, claim, description
C = commit speaker to future course of action
- promise, threats, vows, refusals

17
Q

Directives
Declarations

A

D = direct addressee to carry out action
- command, request, dare, question, entreaty

D = utterances which bring about state of affairs, change the world by uttering it.
- marrying, naming, blessing, arresting, ending

18
Q

Expressives
Verdicatives

A

E = express speakers attitude/psychological state
- greeting, thanking, apologising

V = assessment of rightness/wrongness, passing judgement
- judging, condoning, permitting.

19
Q

Indirect speech acts

conversational implicature

A

Grice: the additional implied meaning of an utterance
= unstated meaning
- requires inference and understanding of conversational rules

20
Q

the speaker’s intentions

Illocution is based on 3 things…

A
  1. linguistic meaning of what is said - locutionary content
  2. contextual information
  3. assumption that speaker is obeying Cooperative Principle
21
Q

What is…

the cooperative principle

A

assumption that participants in conversation are uttering what is truthful, informative and engaged.

(unless reason to assume otherwise)

22
Q

4 Conversational maxims

A
  1. maxim of relation
  2. maxim of quantity (includes horn scales of all, most, some [semantically strong –> weak])
  3. maxim of quality
  4. maxim of manner
23
Q

obeying, flouting, violating

Flouting the maxim

A

deliberately disobeying maxim in a way for hearer to notice
- cooperative
- noticed by addressee

= rely on hearer’s ability to recognise that a maxim has been flouted.

Eg -flout quality ‘cant wait to do assignments’ - implicature no wantdo

24
Q

violating the maxims

A

eg. quantity - under/over informative
uncooperative

25
Q

Conversations

what is? made up of?

A
  • type of speech event
  • made up of sequences of speech acts like answers, greetings
26
Q

Conversation pragmatics

2 covert rules

they organise turns, help interlocutors predict next and repair errors

A
  1. turn taking
  2. adjacency pairs
27
Q

Turn taking

A
  • agree on who should speak at what point
  • when a turn is over

transcripts : = lengthened [ = overlap (0.3) = seconds pause. ^ prominen

28
Q

resolve turn taking conflict by…

A

relinquishing the floor to the other speaker
speaker turning up volume and continue to speak

29
Q

how to know its next person’s turn

A
  • sentence finished (person stops talking)
  • tag questions - blah blah, isnt it? you know?
  • intonation - sharp rise, pitch up
  • non-verbal gestures and eye gaze
30
Q

Adjacency pairs

A

interpreting an utterance
- question and answer
- apology and acceptance
- compliment and accpetance/rejection
- summons and acknowledgment

31
Q

structure of adjacency pairs

A
  1. two parts are continguous and from different speakers
  2. two parts are typed (matched in type)
  3. the two parts are ordered
32
Q

preferred and disprefered responses

A

a particular type of 2nd part is preferred
- is culturally specific
- Request, questions, invitations - positive responses preferred
= Self-deprication: negative responses preferred
- dispreferred includes - apology, hesitation, hedges, pauses

Linguage language longguige (10 decks)

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