Word Reading Flashcards
why is rreading important?
important cognitive skill when most information is text based
__% of the UK are functionally illiterate
16
__% of 15y do not attain minimum proficiency levels
17
what is the first stage of the reading process?
visual word recognition
involves going from letters to the meaning of a word
what are mental lexicons?
the systematic organisation of words in our brain, approx. 60-70,000
what are graphemes?
letters and letter groups that correspond to one sound (phoneme)
act as functional bridges between phonology and orthography
how are graphemes processed?
as perceptual reading units, because multi-letter graphemes take longer to process than single-letter graphemes
what are morphemes?
the smallest meaningful unit of language, which might include prefixes and suffixes
evidence that letters are processed in parallel during word recognition
- word naming tasks found no effect for length of HF words
- clear effect of RT for non-words, suggesting these need serial grapheme-phoneme conversion
what is grapheme-phoneme conversion?
converting letter-by-letter into sound
frequency effect
HF words are recognised faster than LF words, providing evidence of a general information-retrieval mechanism
age-of-acquisition effect
words learned at a younger age are recognised faster
orthographic (spelling) similarity
words with orthographic neighbours have faster RT
phonological similarity
words with many phonological neighbours have faster RT
more support is needed to pick out the to-be-recognised word
semantic effect
words that are semantically richer are recognised faster
models of word recognition
- foster’s search model
- morton’s logogen model
- R&M interactive activation and competition model
- dual route model
foster’s search model
- recognise letters
- access some initial unit which chooses a bin
- once in a bin, entries are searched serially by frequency
- master files are used to get to the meaning of a word
morton’s logogen model
- sends information about letters to all word detectors (logogens) at once
- each logogen has a threshold based on frequency and prior exposure
- when activation passes the threshold, the word is recognised
morton’s logogen model: what happens when not enough information has accumulated?
the letter/word is not recognised
HF are recognised faster as their recognition thresholds are lower
R&M interactive activation and competition model
- within-level connections: words inhibit each other
- between-levels: connections can either excite or inhibit
words feed activation back to letters, and some words have higher resting levels of activation
dual route model
involves a nonlexical route for novel words and a direct lexical route for known words
nonlexical route
- letter recognition
- grapheme-phoneme conversion system
- phonological encoding
- speech
lexical route
- letter recognition
- orthographic input
- semantic and phonological lexicon
- phonological encoding
- speech
following damage to the lexical system…
patients will have difficulty reading words, but no issue with non-words or novel words
this is because reading will always occur via GPC
surface dyslexia and phonological dyslexia…
patients struggled to recognise exception words, but had no issue recognising regular words
this is because their nonlexical route was impaired
what happens when reading must occur via the lexical route?
- high performance in regular word reading
- LF word reading worse than HF
- lexicalisation errors with nonwords, as these activated the closest lexical word
deep dyslexia…
damage to the semantic system within the lexical route
results in semantic paralexia (naming incorrect words which are related in meaning)
evidence that not all data from neurotypical participants is the same
- not all nonwords are processed the same (neighbours can influence RT)
- regular consistent words are processed better than inconsistent, e.g., WADE=MADE, vs. WAVE=HAVE
why should the DR model be changed into the DR cascaded model?
if following the GPC route, nonwords should not be affected by word neighbours
DR cascaded model
- both routes race against each other and the fastest wins
- conflict resolution for both outputs occur at the phonological encoding stage
eye-tracking methods
- mirror on eyeball
- electrodes
- electromagnetic sclera search coil
- dual purkinje image
- video-based eye-trackers
mirror on eyeball
sclera mirror is attached to the eye to reflect light beams
good temporal and moderate spatial accuracy
electrodes
not very accurate
used for neurological diagnosis
electromagnetic sclera search coil
special lenses to observe movement mechanisms
high accuracy and expensive
dual purkinje image
very accurate and expensive
difficult to use and restraint is required
video-based eye-trackers
near-infrared technique tracking pupil reflections up to 2000Hz
good for more than reading, and easy to use
what does the boundary change paradigm show about orthography?
the parafoveal processing of letter information, as the position of letters is not important for recognition
_____ letters cause more disruption than ______ letters
substituted
transposed
when does orthographic position change word recognition?
when the changed letter occurs at the beginning or end of the word
what occurs almost immedatiely during word reading?
compound decomposition
