Word Reading

Question 1

why is rreading important?

Answer 1

important cognitive skill when most information is text based

Question 2

__% of the UK are functionally illiterate

Answer 2

16

Question 3

__% of 15y do not attain minimum proficiency levels

Answer 3

17

Question 4

what is the first stage of the reading process?

Answer 4

visual word recognition

involves going from letters to the meaning of a word

Question 5

what are mental lexicons?

Answer 5

the systematic organisation of words in our brain, approx. 60-70,000

Question 6

what are graphemes?

Answer 6

letters and letter groups that correspond to one sound (phoneme)

act as functional bridges between phonology and orthography

Question 7

how are graphemes processed?

Answer 7

as perceptual reading units, because multi-letter graphemes take longer to process than single-letter graphemes

Question 8

what are morphemes?

Answer 8

the smallest meaningful unit of language, which might include prefixes and suffixes

Question 9

evidence that letters are processed in parallel during word recognition

Answer 9

• word naming tasks found no effect for length of HF words
• clear effect of RT for non-words, suggesting these need serial grapheme-phoneme conversion

Question 10

what is grapheme-phoneme conversion?

Answer 10

converting letter-by-letter into sound

Question 11

frequency effect

Answer 11

HF words are recognised faster than LF words, providing evidence of a general information-retrieval mechanism

Question 12

age-of-acquisition effect

Answer 12

words learned at a younger age are recognised faster

Question 13

orthographic (spelling) similarity

Answer 13

words with orthographic neighbours have faster RT

Question 14

phonological similarity

Answer 14

words with many phonological neighbours have faster RT

more support is needed to pick out the to-be-recognised word

Question 15

semantic effect

Answer 15

words that are semantically richer are recognised faster

Question 16

models of word recognition

Answer 16

• foster’s search model
• morton’s logogen model
• R&M interactive activation and competition model
• dual route model

Question 17

foster’s search model

Answer 17

1. recognise letters
2. access some initial unit which chooses a bin
3. once in a bin, entries are searched serially by frequency
4. master files are used to get to the meaning of a word

Question 18

morton’s logogen model

Answer 18

1. sends information about letters to all word detectors (logogens) at once
2. each logogen has a threshold based on frequency and prior exposure
3. when activation passes the threshold, the word is recognised

Question 19

morton’s logogen model: what happens when not enough information has accumulated?

Answer 19

the letter/word is not recognised

HF are recognised faster as their recognition thresholds are lower

Question 20

R&M interactive activation and competition model

Answer 20

1. within-level connections: words inhibit each other
2. between-levels: connections can either excite or inhibit

words feed activation back to letters, and some words have higher resting levels of activation

Question 21

dual route model

Answer 21

involves a nonlexical route for novel words and a direct lexical route for known words

Question 22

nonlexical route

Answer 22

1. letter recognition
2. grapheme-phoneme conversion system
3. phonological encoding
4. speech

Question 23

lexical route

Answer 23

1. letter recognition
2. orthographic input
3. semantic and phonological lexicon
4. phonological encoding
5. speech

Question 24

following damage to the lexical system…

Answer 24

patients will have difficulty reading words, but no issue with non-words or novel words

this is because reading will always occur via GPC

Question 25

surface dyslexia and phonological dyslexia…

Answer 25

patients struggled to recognise exception words, but had no issue recognising regular words

this is because their nonlexical route was impaired

Question 26

what happens when reading must occur via the lexical route?

Answer 26

• high performance in regular word reading
• LF word reading worse than HF
• lexicalisation errors with nonwords, as these activated the closest lexical word

Question 27

deep dyslexia…

Answer 27

damage to the semantic system within the lexical route

results in semantic paralexia (naming incorrect words which are related in meaning)

Question 28

evidence that not all data from neurotypical participants is the same

Answer 28

• not all nonwords are processed the same (neighbours can influence RT)
• regular consistent words are processed better than inconsistent, e.g., WADE=MADE, vs. WAVE=HAVE

Question 29

why should the DR model be changed into the DR cascaded model?

Answer 29

if following the GPC route, nonwords should not be affected by word neighbours

Question 30

DR cascaded model

Answer 30

1. both routes race against each other and the fastest wins
2. conflict resolution for both outputs occur at the phonological encoding stage

Question 31

eye-tracking methods

Answer 31

1. mirror on eyeball
2. electrodes
3. electromagnetic sclera search coil
4. dual purkinje image
5. video-based eye-trackers

Question 32

mirror on eyeball

Answer 32

sclera mirror is attached to the eye to reflect light beams

good temporal and moderate spatial accuracy

Question 33

electrodes

Answer 33

not very accurate

used for neurological diagnosis

Question 34

electromagnetic sclera search coil

Answer 34

special lenses to observe movement mechanisms

high accuracy and expensive

Question 35

dual purkinje image

Answer 35

very accurate and expensive

difficult to use and restraint is required

Question 36

video-based eye-trackers

Answer 36

near-infrared technique tracking pupil reflections up to 2000Hz

good for more than reading, and easy to use

Question 37

what does the boundary change paradigm show about orthography?

Answer 37

the parafoveal processing of letter information, as the position of letters is not important for recognition

Question 38

_____ letters cause more disruption than ______ letters

Answer 38

substituted

transposed

Question 39

when does orthographic position change word recognition?

Answer 39

when the changed letter occurs at the beginning or end of the word

Question 40

what occurs almost immedatiely during word reading?

Answer 40

compound decomposition