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LI LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION > Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics > Flashcards

Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics Flashcards

1
Q

what was early work in psycholinguistics inspired by?

A

chomsky (1928) which distinguished between competence and performance

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2
Q

competence

A

speaker-hearer’s knowledge of the language, inc. grammaticality judgements

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3
Q

performance

A

the actual use of language in concrete situations

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4
Q

grammaticality judgements…

A

are not the same as sensicality judgements

  • people distinguish between those through their implicit knowledge of the syntactic rules of their language
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5
Q

what did chomsky suggest about grammar?

A

it is generative- a finite number of rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, due to recursion

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6
Q

what is recursion?

A

referring to itself in its definition

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7
Q

what does recursion allow for?

A

rule-governed creativity, as we cannot store all possible sentences in our heads

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8
Q

what is incremental parsing?

A

each sentence of a language can be described in terms of hierarchal groupings of its words, by using phrase structure trees/tree diagrams

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9
Q

on-line incremental parsing

A

the parser constructs a syntactic structure on the basis of words as they arrive

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10
Q

parsing models

A
  1. modular accounts
  2. interactive accounts
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11
Q

modular accounts (serial processing)

A
  1. syntactic information is processed individually
  2. subsequent processing takes other information into account, e.g., semantics
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12
Q

how does frazier’s (1987) garden-path model believe parsing occurs?

A
  • minimal attachment (go for the simplest structure of fewest nodes)
  • late closure (incorporate words in the currently open phrase)
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13
Q

attach low

A

attaching to the most recent constituent

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14
Q

interactive accounts

A
  1. all information is processed at the same time
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15
Q

constraint-based models

A

all relevant sources of information (constraints) can be used immediately to help syntactic parsing

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16
Q

what happens if several levels of syntactic analysis get comparable support?

A

parsing is difficult due to competition

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17
Q

how does reading evolve?

A

incrementally, as each incoming word is processed immediately

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18
Q

why must semantic processors be flexible?

A

to deal with the variety of inputs quickly

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19
Q

lexical ambiguity- what are homonyms?

A

words with two unrelated interpretations

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20
Q

selective access

A

context restricts access to contextually appropriate meaning

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21
Q

ordered access

A

activation on basis of meaning frequency, tried against context

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22
Q

parallel access

A

all meanings are activated

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23
Q

biased homonyms

A

when one word has a more frequent meaning

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24
Q

balanced homonyms

A

both meanings are just as frequent

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25
Q

what has eye-tracking research found effects of?

A

meaning frequency and context for lexical ambiguity

introduces the reordered access model 1988

26
Q

reordered access model, duffy 1988

A

hybrid of access models depending on frequency and context, which can increase activation of different meanings

27
Q

lexical polysemy- when does this occur?

A

as a case of one-too-many mapping, when lexical items have more than one semantically related meaning

28
Q

metonymy

A

one salient part of an entity is used to refer to the entity as a whole

29
Q

examples of metonymy

A

part-for-whole (synecdoche)
whole-for-part
place-for-institution
place-for-event
producer-for-product

30
Q

what can metonymy lead to?

A

literal-first or figurative-first possibilities

31
Q

unranked parallel models

A

no hierarchy in activation

32
Q

ranked parallel models

A

activation levels depend on frequency, saliency, and basicness

33
Q

what happens when metonymic sense is lexicalised?

A

there is no difficulty

34
Q

what are pragmatics?

A

the distinction between what a speaker’s words literally mean compared to what they might mean by their words

35
Q

what does pragmatics involve a combination of?

A
  • word meaning for individual words, e.g., lexical ambiguity
  • syntactic structure
  • inferences
  • individual skill
36
Q

what are inferences?

A

the process of developing information beyond the literal meaning of text

37
Q

types of inferences

A
  1. logical interferences
  2. bridging
  3. elaborative
38
Q

logical interferences

A

based on word meaning

39
Q

bridging interferences

A

relating new words to previous information to maintain coherence

40
Q

elaborative inferences

A

extending the text with your own knowledge to become indistinguishable from the original material

41
Q

“frame problem” in inferencing

A

how the current statement interacts with world knowledge, and where inferences should be stopped

42
Q

approaches to inferencing

A
  1. minimalist
  2. constructionist
  3. hybrid
43
Q

minimalist approach

A

only two kinds of inferences are encoded during automatic reading

  1. those necessary for local coherence
  2. easy available information in STM
44
Q

constructionist approach

A

numerous elaborative inferences are drawn during reading

45
Q

hybrid approach

A

minimalist and constructionist reading is used depending on the goals

46
Q

what do language users tend to use instead of in-depth processing?

A

good enough heuristics

47
Q

what are the models of sentence processing?

A

garden-path model
constraint-satisfaction model

48
Q

garden-path model

A

the language processor computes a single syntactic analysis without considering context or plausibility

once an interpretation is made, other information evaluates its appropriateness

49
Q

constraint-satisfaction model

A

assumes all possible syntactic analyses are computed at once for all relevant information

analysis with the greatest support is chosen over competitors

50
Q

less skilled comprehenders…

A
  • draw fewer inferences
  • poorer integration of meaning across sentences
51
Q

what are individual differences in comprehension related to?

A
  • differences in verbal working memory, measured by reading span
  • attention
  • suppression of irrelevant or inappropriate material
52
Q

what does suppression involve?

A

suppressing the inappropriate meaning of homonyms or rejecting the incorrect form of homophones

53
Q

what does essentialism refer to?

A

two words with the same referent or denotations; when certain categories have an unobservable underlying reality

54
Q

natural kinds

A

judgements are identified based on innate, underlying qualities

55
Q

artefacts

A

judgements based on superficial, perceptual features

56
Q

theory of mind involves…

A

the ability to understand people have different world views and mental states

this is crucial for communication and language understanding

57
Q

there is evidence of _________ essentialist reasoning regardless of prompting

A

immediate

58
Q

natural kinds (TOM)

A

no evidence that inferences are based on what people know automatically

59
Q

artefacts (TOM)

A

can be explained by reader’s own perspective taking

60
Q
A

LI LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION (10 decks)

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