Speech Flashcards
what is the structure of language?
- phonetics (speech sounds)
- phonology (sound system)
- morphology (word formation)
- syntax (sentence structure)
- semantics (meaning)
- pragmatics (language in context)
what do phonetics describe?
the speech sounds that occur in language
what do phonetics consist of?
- articulatory (how speech sounds are produced)
- auditory (how speech sounds are perceived)
- acoustic (the physical properties of sounds)
what is phonology concerned with?
the way speech sounds form systems within a language
what are phones?
the inventory of phonetic segments and distinct [sounds] in a language
what are phonemes?
the /smallest/ sounds in language that distinguish between words
what is used to determine between the phonemes of a language?
minimal pairs
how can languages differ in regard to phonemes?
in which phones they choose to use as phonemes
- when two sounds are allophones (variations of the same phoneme) it is difficult to distinguish between them
process of language production:
- conceptualisation
- formulation
- articulation
- self-monitoring
what does conceptualisation consist of?
prelinguistic message planning of what to express
what does formulation consist of?
determining how to express information by using lemmas and lexemes
- lexicalisation
- syntactic planning
- phonological encoding
- phonetic planning
what is articulation?
expressing/pronouncing information
what component did weaver introduce, and what does this involve?
self-monitoring
- internal monitoring of what you’re going to say
- external monitoring that exists during speech
how many speech sounds are made per second?
around 15
why do large speech errors occur?
less attention is paid to speech production rather than comprehension
type of speech error: shift
in case she DECIDE to HITS it
type of speech error: exchange
fancy getting your MODEL RENOSED
type of speech error: anticipation
BAKE my bike
type of speech error: perseveration
he pulled a PANTRUM
type of speech error: addition
i didn’t explain this CLAREFULLY
type of speech error: deletion
mutter INTELLIGIBLY
type of speech error: substitution
it’s too LIGHT
type of speech error: blend
john is quite CABLE
what do common speech errors suggest?
there are two different processes:
1. word retrieval
2. syntactic frame being constructed (tenses, plurals, and grammar)
components of word errors
not restricted by distance
always happen of the same type
components of speech errors
made closer together
can cross word types
what does garrett’s model of speech production break formulation into?
- functional (lexicalisation)
- positional (grammatical encoding)
- sound level (sound form encoding)
what does lexicalisation consist of?
a two-stage retrieval process
1. meaning (lemma)
2. form (lexeme)
semantic word substitution errors
glass/cup
phonological word substitution errors
historical/hysterical
what do different types of word substitution errors suggest?
semantic and phonological processes are seperate
what does tip-of-the-tongue involve?
remembering partial information, e.g., initials, sounds, syllables, and stress patterns
what can ToTs result in?
phonologically related words (interlopers) being activated instead
how can lexicalisation explain ToTs?
failure in the second stage of lexicalisation
1. lemma (meaning/syntactic)
2. lexeme (form and sound)
failure in the lexeme stage results in having meaning without sound
the blocking hypothesis believes…
interlopers prevent activation of the correct word
transmission deficit hypothesis believes…
weak links between meaning and word form result in limited activation of the correct word
what provides evidence of self-monitoring
- speech errors
- ToTs
- picture naming
- picture-word inteference
which hypothesis is favoured by evidence?
the transmission-deficit account
- ToTs do not increase alongside phonological neighbours, actually the opposite happens
- bilingual speakers have weaker links between meaning/sound, leading to more ToTs
picture naming findings
- long-term facilitation for naming lasts over many trials
- no effect for homophone priming (must require the same meaning for priming)
what does picture word interference show?
phonologically related words result in faster naming than semantically related words
schriefers et al (1990)
- early semantic priming resulted in inhibition
- later phonological priming resulted in facilitation
discrete lexicalisation
semantics (meaning) are activated before phonology
interactive lexicalisation: cascading
activation flows to the form lexicon before a single lemma has been selected
- multiple word forms are activated
interactive lexicalisation: feedback
activation cascades down and feeds back to the above level
- lemma activation of related word forms
what does feedback activation show?
errors are not random
evidence of the linguistic genius of babies
- critical period for language acquisition (0-7y) decreases with age
- exposure to mandarin improved percentage of sounds correct (no effect of TV/audio exposure)
- social brain is in control of when babies take note of statistics
when is information encoded?
in the first 50-60ms of fixating, and this duration is also dependent on phonology (sound systems)
subvocalisation
- having more stressed syllables can increase word reading time, even when reading silently
- subvocalisation during silent reading can also reflect regional accents
stutterers had ______ ________ during silent reading for words they tend to stutter on
longer fixations
34% of adults with dyslexia stuttered as a child
- this was moderated by the severity of their dyslexia
50% of adults with stutters…
fulfilled the criteria of dyslexia, despite never being diagnosed
