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LI LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION > Neurobiology of Language > Flashcards

Neurobiology of Language Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive neuroimaging methods

A

MEG and fMRI

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2
Q

what is magnetoencephalography?

A

MEG records magnetic fields generated by brain activity to indicate levels of electrical activity

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3
Q

how are magnetic fields measured?

A

using highly sensitive magnetism detectors SQUIDS which are arranged in a helmet to detect localised brain activity

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4
Q

benefits of MEG

A

easy to use
good spatial
excellent temporal resolution
non-invasive

used alongside MRI scans to show physical structure also

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5
Q

what does functional MRI detect?

A

changes in the oxygen activity of the blood in the brain, by using magnets to measure brain signals from protons in the body

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6
Q

rhythm

A

pattern of events that have a repeated, predictive structure

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7
Q

what is the basal ganglia (BG) involved in?

A

the perception and structure of rhythm, as it is connected to:

  • outer layers processing sound (auditory cortex)
  • areas controlling movement (premotor cortex, cerebellum)
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8
Q

what does the Putamen do?

A

this activates when predicting how the beat of music continues

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9
Q

neural resonance theory

A

electrical signals of the auditory and motor system automatically create coordinated oscillations
- the brain synchronises electrical activity to the beat

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10
Q

oscillations

A

the synchronised activity of millions of brain cells

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11
Q

frequency bands of different neural oscillations

A
  1. delta (less than 3Hz)
  2. theta (4-7Hz)
  3. alpha (9-13Hz)
  4. beta (14-30Hz)
  5. gamma (above 30Hz)
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12
Q

what does speech consist of?

A

the actual use of spoken language as oral communication

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13
Q

what does talking require use of?

A

tongue muscles and vocal tract in a precise and coordinated way

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14
Q

the dual-stream model of the functional anatomy of language:

A

lexical interface and higher semantic processing is bilateral

spectro-temporal and phonological network is bilateral

articulatory network and sensorimotor interface is left-dominant

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15
Q

where is phoneme processing represented?

A

in the bilateral phonological network

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16
Q

where are phonetic features encoded?

A

in the superior temporal gyrus, and each brain area has specificity to each phoneme sign

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17
Q

high neighbourhood density words

A

phonetically similar to many other words, with 11 or more neighbours, e.g., one sound substitution/deletion/addition

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18
Q

hierarchal rhythmic structure of speech:

A

prosody intonation-
temporal integration window of >500ms and frequency <2Hz

syllables-
temporal integration window of 200ms and frequency 5Hz

phonemes-
temporal integration window of 25ms and frequency 40Hz

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19
Q

what does speech comprehension involve?

A
  • sentence context
  • prosody intonation
  • syllable word
  • phoneme transitions
20
Q

syllable

A

unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or part of a word

  • speech intelligibility is dependent on syllable rate
21
Q

auditory speech

A

speech envelope

22
Q

visual speech

A

lip movements

23
Q

what is speech-tracking (entrainment)?

A

the synchronisation between speakers’ oscillations and the listener’s brain oscillations

24
Q

what is auditory speech entrainment modulated by?

A

intelligibility

  • low-frequency (delta, theta) speech tracking is right-lateralised
  • high-frequency (gamma) speech tracking is left-lateralised
25
Q

what is speech-tracking served by?

A

top-down modulation transfers to the auditory cortex

26
Q

evidence of visual speech being important for successful comprehension

A

cocktail party problem

27
Q

what do individuals with stronger speech-tracking in the left motor cortex have?

A

better comprehension

28
Q

prediction of speech syllables facilitates communication:

A
  1. predictive comprehension
  2. production planning
  3. speech
29
Q

communication and joint action- what are sent and received?

A

both speech signals and non-speech signals

30
Q

face-saving indirectness

A

involves using a public face for respect and trust

31
Q

brain areas activated for the indirectness effect:

A
  • medial prefrontal cortex
  • bilateral temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
  • bilateral inferior frontal gyrus
  • bilateral middle temporal gyrus
32
Q

what does understanding face-saving language require?

A

cognitive perspective taking and other discourse-relevant cognitive processing

33
Q

mutual understanding

A

when different minds mutually infer they agree on an understanding

34
Q

what is the production and comprehension of novel communicative behaviours supported by?

A

right lateralised fronto-temporal network

35
Q

what is the right lateralised fronto-temporal network necessary for?

A

embedding utterances in conversational context, through pragmatics and mental state inferences

36
Q

why is white matter important for information processing?

A

higher cognitive functions, e.g., speech, are distributed in areas with connections through WM bundles

37
Q

different language networks:

A

dorsal pathway
ventral pathway

38
Q

dorsal pathway

A

crucial for processing complex sentences, connected to:
- broca’s area
- precentral gyrus
- premotor cortex

39
Q

ventral pathway

A

connects ventral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus to temporal cortex, via the extreme fibre capsule system

40
Q

myth of language lateralisation

A

only needing the left hemisphere for language is a myth

41
Q

which language processes are left-lateralised?

A

syntactic comprehension and production

42
Q

which language processes involve both hemsipheres?

A

sentence-level semantics engage the left and right posterior temporal gyrus for comprehension and production

43
Q

when does language processing become more bilateral?

A

with age, to compensate for structural changes, even in left-lateralised processes

44
Q

what does communication in a social context rely on?

A

right-hemisphere contribution, such as:
- affective language processing
- understanding nuances such as face-saving indirectness

45
Q

what does the act of communication as a joint action engage?

A

a right-lateralised fronto-temporal network

LI LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION (10 decks)

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