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Politics > Women and Politics class Second exam > Flashcards

Women and Politics class Second exam Flashcards

1
Q

Ways of defining political engagement

A

Knowledge, Interest, and Participation.

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2
Q

How does knowledge impact political engagement?

A

The less important factors include: resource and socialization
More important factors include: lower self-reported interest and surveys

1) the average women have less time and money
2) young girls are socialized from a young age to talk less of politics
3) surveys are designed to elicit certain responses

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3
Q

How does interest impact poltical engagement?

A

Interest is essential to gathering political knowledge
- women are more likely to avoid conflict
- there are gender-based differences in impact of educational attainment

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4
Q

How does participation impact Political Engagement?

A

While women vote more, men engage in other types of political engagement at a higher rate since the 1980’s

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5
Q

Reasons why women demonstrate lower levels of political engagement than men

A
  • women are socialized from a young age to not be interested in politics
  • other reasons are included in the explanation of defining poltical engagement
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6
Q

Differences in political participation/engagement based on Bem Sex Role inventory personality type

A

Depending on where you score on the scale, your political engagement varies.
- Masculine - high masc, low fem
- Androgynous - high masc, high fem
- Undifferentiaed - low masc, low fem
- Feminine - high fem, low masc

-the order listed correlates with political engagement

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7
Q

Partisan Gender Gap

A

-Is the preference of women for the democratic party
- size of the gender gap varies from 4-11 points
- first apparent in 1980
- apparent in all levels of American Elections

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8
Q

Why did the Partisan Gender Gap come when it did?

A
  • First established due to the election of Ronald Reagan/Republican Electoral Success
  • Increased partisan polarization + changes in how the parties position themselves on certain issues
  • Southern Realignment that began with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 + Voting Rights Act of 1965.
  • Conflict extension
  • Non-partisan issues becoming partisan
    (2 parties dont take a stance on an issue examples include abortion or LGBTQIA+ rights)
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9
Q

What are issues that drive the gender gap?

A
  • Social Welfare Spending
  • Military/use of force
  • Gun Control
  • Death Penalty

-Abortion does not drive gender gap because men and women have similar views
- attitudes about gender and gender roles impact abortion attitudes; not gender but how you view gender roles

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10
Q

Gender stereotypes that voters have about male issues

A
  • Guns
  • national security
  • military
  • crime
  • the economy
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11
Q

Gender stereotypes that voters have about female issues

A
  • Education
  • health care
  • child care
  • abortion
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12
Q

Gender stereotypes of male politcians personality traits

A
  • intelligence
  • decisiveness
  • experience
  • good leadership qualities
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13
Q

Gender stereotypes of female politicians personality traits

A
  • honesty
  • compassion
  • ability to build consensus (community)
  • ability to bring change/new ways of thinking
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14
Q

The politics of legislative branch positions

A

Legislative branch is seen as specialist/small picture thinking where members of congress specialize in specific areas. ex. committees within the houses.

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15
Q

The politics of the executive branch positions

A
  • Executive branch has a higher level of responsibility, higher level of visibility, unambigous head of a hiearchical power structure, and expected to be generalist/big picture thinking.
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16
Q

Factors that limit the impact of gender stereotypes in House elections

A
  • the high incumbency advantage
  • status quo bias
  • have significant financial advantage/personal connections
  • low congressional approval ratings
  • Weak challengers
  • Running for office is time-consuming and expensive
  • Thermostatic model of public opinion

  • Gender stereotypes dont matter in House Elections
17
Q

Representation of women in Congress

A
  • In the House 28-29% are female politicians
  • 25% for the Senate^
  • female republican legislators not viewed as “conservative enough”
  • Women in congress far more likely to be democrats than republicans compared to men
  • Women sponsor & co-sponsor more bills
18
Q

Reasons for the high incumbent re-election rate in Congress and other factors that shape congressional elections?

A
  • Congressional approval ratings are not good (lower than the president)
  • Status quo bias
  • Voter apathy
  • Incumbent rate has been high for decades (not rare)
  • Weak Challengers (running for office is time-consuming and expensive and it is very difficult to get quality challengers to run in elections
  • Incumbents have a significant financial advantage/personal connections
  • More media coverage
  • Most house districts are lopsidely Democratic or Republican
19
Q

What differences, if any, exist in the behavior of male and female legislators

A
  • Female politicians are legislatively more productive
  • sponsor and co-sponsor more bills
  • more constituent services
  • slightly less successful when they are in the majority than their male counterparts
  • slightly more successful in the minority
  • are less likely to hold prestige committee seats
20
Q

Descriptive Representation

A
  • Is demographic matching (are you like the people you represent) ex. Race
  • how much or how little do you match constituents?
21
Q

Symbolic Representation

A
  • Relates to the gut feeling of how well or poorly you feel represented.
22
Q

Substantive Representation

A
  • Relates/is tied to idelogy/policy
23
Q

Ambivalent Sexism Inventory

A

Refers two different types of sexism.

24
Q

How do we measure ambivalent sexism?

A

1- Women are too easily offended (measures hostile sexism)
2- Many women have a quality of purity that few men possess (measures benevolent sexism)
3- Men should be willing to sacrifice their own wellbeing in order to provide financially for the women in their lives (measures benevolent sexism)
4- Most women fail to appreciate all that men do for them (measures hostile sexism)
5- Women exaggerate their problems (measures hostile sexism)
6- In a disaster, women should be rescued before men (measures benevolent sexism)

25
Q

What is benevolent sexism?

A

Refers to the belief that women should be placed on a pedestal and are inherently purer, kinder, and more moral than men.

-they should be cherished and protected by men as long as they adhere to **traditional gender norms **
- Idea that women have a weak and fragile inherent goodness that needs to be protected by men.

26
Q

What is hostile sexism?

A

Refers to feelings of anger, resentment towards women and fear of the destructive power of women. Women are scheming, manipulative, controlling and dangerous and need to be kept in their place by men.

  • Believe that women have a lot of undeserved power over men (much of this is rooted in their looks/sexuality) that needs to be fought against
27
Q

What is system justification theory?

A

**Need to believe in fundamentally just nature of the status quo **
- there must be a good reason that we don’t have a woman for president

The idea of trying to convince yourself that the world is just and bad people have bad things happen while good people have good things happen.

28
Q

What is the connection to benevolent and hostile sexism with system justification theory?

A

Is used to justify why or why don’t we have a woman for president.

There must be a good reason why we don’t have a woman for President

29
Q

Findings about benevolent and hostile sexism and support for clinton or Trump in 2016 election

A

Higher levels of Hostile Sexism = more likely to support Trump; less likely to support Clinton
Higher levels of Benevolent Sexism= more likley to support Clinton; less likely to support Trump

30
Q

What factors shape our response to scandal?

A

-Type of scandal (ex. corruption vs sex scandal)
-Timing (how close to an election)
-Patisanship
-Choice in preferred media outlet(s)
-Level of political Knowledge (more political knowledge = more forgiveness of politicians for engaging in scandals due to higher rates of strong partisanship amongst the highly political knowledgable)

31
Q

Findings about benevolent sexism responses to politician sex scandals?

A
  • Rates of benevolent sexism have no impact on how people view corruption
  • Increased levels of benevolent sexism make people more likely to punish both male and female politicians for engaging in sex scandals.
  • less support for both male and female politicians engaged in sex scandals
32
Q

Findings about hostile sexism responses to politician sex scandals?

A
  • Have no impact on how people view corruption scandals of male and female House members.
  • Increased levels of hostile sexism make people more likely to punish female politcians (and female politicians only) for sex scandals
  • More hostile sexism = less support for female politicians engaged in sex scandals
33
Q

What is gender role threat?

A

-The reaction one has when their gender identity is threatnened

  • men exhibit more risk-taking and aggressive behavior when their masculinity is threatnened.
  • women don’t really care when their gender identity is threatnened
34
Q

What is the impact of maternal appeals

A

Refers to how politicians market themselves as mothers
- change in identity/self perception
- change in how you perceive your self-interest
- change in your social networks
- role model expectation

35
Q

Impact of maternal appeals related to priming effect

A

Viewers of maternal appeals ads will place a higher value on warmth as a candidate characteristic
- not really any signficant change for ideological perspective

  • if you are already associated with a party, you go more further to the left or the right ex. liberals move slightly to the left while conservatives move slightly to the right
36
Q

What makes strong frames?

A
  • Repetition
  • Credible Source (subjective)
  • Lack of competition (not a lot between frames)
  • Lack of partisan cue that aligns with partisanship
  • Peer influence
37
Q

What makes weak frames?

A
  • Lots of competition
  • strong prior opinion
  • source lacks credibility
  • partisan cue from the other party
38
Q

Power seeking and backlash against female politicians?

A
  • Power Seeking contradicts w/feminine stereotypes
  • Women seen as power seeking receive more backlash compared to men who are power seeking b/c women are expected to be communal individuals
  • Women aren’t automatically assumed to be power seeking

female politicians perceived as power seeking if they are too competitive, too self-promotional, or speaking in a “task-oriented” speaking style

Politics (9 decks)

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