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Politics > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is Negative Partisanship?

A

Partisan affiliation that stems from the hatred towards another group or political party

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2
Q

What are examples of Negative Partisanship?

A

Partisan Moral Disengagement (40%–60%), Partisan Schadenfreude (5–15%), and Explicit support for partisan violence (5–15%).

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3
Q

What is the Partisan Gender Gap?

A

the rate at which you compare who is voting based on gender

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4
Q

What causes partisan gender gap?

A
  • Women support the democratic party at a higher rate than men
  • the size of the gender gap is 4-11 points.
  • present in all types of elections, first occurring in 1980
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5
Q

What are issues that drive the partisan gender gap?

A
  • Social welfare spending
  • Military/use of force
  • Death penalty (very often brought up at the national level in 80s-90s)
  • Gun control
    -ABORTION DOES NOT DRIVE THE GAP BECAUSE MEN AND WOMEN HAVE SIMILAR VIEWS, specifically attitudes about gender roles
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6
Q

What is an open personality type?

A

People with an open personality type are less threat-sensitive, prefer novelty and spontaneity, and are distrustful of authority

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7
Q

What is a closed personality type?

A

Someone who is highly sensible to perceived threats, risk averse, desires certainty and has a hatred for ambiguity, desires for clear hierarchies of authority.

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8
Q

How does your personality type dictate political preference?

A

It is dependent on issue domain (ex. hard and soft issues), individual differences, and partisan elite cues.

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9
Q

Hard issues

A

are complex, technical, and not emotionally engaging. Is conditional based on elite cues

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10
Q

Soft issues

A

are not complex or technical; little information is required to form an opinion. There is a strong emotional component, and its difficult to compromise.
- unconditional relationship between personality and ideology

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11
Q

Democrat party stances considering personality types

A

Economic issues -> closed personality
Social/cultural -> open personality

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12
Q

Republican party stances considering personality types

A
  • Economic issues -> open personality
  • Social/cultural - > closed personality
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13
Q

What is the legal history of voting rights?

A

Originally, the constitution did not address voting. Only mentioned it to determine who was eligible, which was dependent on whether you were a white man who owned property.
-NJ was the exception from 1787–1807.

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14
Q

What constitutional amendments relate to voting

A

15th (1870) - made it so that people cannot be denied the right to vote to property-owning white men
19th (1920)- protected people’s ability to vote on the basis of gender
24th (1964) - prohibition of the poll tax (used in Jim Crow)
26th (1971) - made the new voting age 18 instead of 21 as it was before.

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15
Q

How did the Jim Crow Laws restrict voting rights?

A
  • Literacy test -> designed to screen voters
  • Grandfather Clause -> made it so that anyone whom’s grandfather did not vote, could not vote
  • White only primary- segregated black voters
  • Poll tax- people who were economically disadvantaged could not vote. This group included black voters.
  • Vigilante violence
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16
Q

Why was the Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed?

A

To ban discrimination in the administration of elections, prohibiting the literacy test.

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17
Q

What is Pre-clearance Sec 3?

A

-Is rarely used and still in effect
- must show discriminatory intent

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18
Q

What is preclearance 5?

A

Is applied to states and counties and has a history of corrupt, low turnout elections w/ some element of racial discrimination.

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19
Q

What occured after sec 5?

A

states and counties needed approval from the federal government before changing how they administered elections
however the formula was eliminated in 2013 where the supreme court ruled the formula to declare pre-clearance was unconstitutional.

20
Q

What are some findings about the the impact voter ID laws have on voter turnout

A
  • there is difficulty in isolating the impact of these laws
  • most people who lack proper I.D. are probably non- voters to begin with
  • Because the democratic party and activists fear diminished turnout, they devote a lot of resources to mobilize voters who might not vote due to not having a proper I.D.
21
Q

Which voter mobilization efforts work?

A

Door to door canvassing works better than phone banking or mailers due to peer influence and social pressure.
- people you may know relates to social pressure.

22
Q

Which voter mobilization efforts don’t work?

A
  • Phone Banking - relies on short, scripted conversations with very little to no impact
  • Mail - there are four general categories of mailer messages
    –“vote because its your civic duty
    – partisan appeals
    –ethnic appeals (I.e. its important for people of your racial/ethnic group to vote)
    –vote because its a competitive election
  • Email - does not work; how often sent or what the content is does not change voter turnout.
23
Q

What is current legal status of pre-clearance?

A

in 2013 it had been declared unconstitutional. led to the expansion of voter I.D. laws and the closure of approximately 1,200 polling locations.

24
Q

What is Neo-Realism?

A

the idea that the international system is what we call anarchic -> meaning there is no authority over the state power

25
Q

What would a neo-realist argue?

A
  • there is no authority over the state power
  • power is zero-sum otherwise known as finite
  • the ultimate goal is to be a global hegemon (be the most powerful country)
  • There is high conflict between powerful countries
  • the most important thing for a country is to become more powerful in the balance of power (refers to the distribution of power)
    -international politics don’t matter
26
Q

What is neo-liberalism?

A

The theory that international relations are not solely based on conflict and cooperation between nations is possible

27
Q

What would a neo-liberalist argue?

A
  • Power is not finite or zero-sum, and mutually beneficial relationships are possible between powerful countries/great powers.
  • Internal politics do matter
    –ex. great powers should care about human rights abuses and about what other countries have to say
    -Promotion of democracy is important (building alliances with countries)
  • Caring about the importance of economic interdependence undermines anarchy
    –international monetary fund
    –can use economic leverage to compel them
28
Q

What are the variations in voter turnout rate (based on type of election and type of voter)

A

Three main factors are age, education, and income. Other factors include race, gender, religion, and competitiveness of elections.

29
Q

What is Coalition maintenance?

A

When a political party (party members) changes its position to cater/meet the demands of groups affiliated with the party.
This change is forced and group led.

30
Q

What is Coalition group incorporation?

A

When a party shifts positioning to try to attract new members of the party (party leaders take new stances). This is party led and there is more autonomy. If successful, it is more stable. However the party will have more turnover in membership.

31
Q

What is Coalition expansion?

A

A party led change to try to appeal to the general public. This is party led but not stable. When trying to appeal to the unorganized general public, it contrasts distinct views belonging to that party. These political stances don’t last a long time.

32
Q

What is the impact of anger/pride/enthusiasm in campaigns?

A

Anger, pride, and enthusiasm trigger automatic processing (a heuristic based on base partisanship)
ex. ads that make you feel anger, pride, and enthusiasm try to get you to engage in automatic processing

33
Q

When and how are anger/pride/enthusiasm used in campaigns?

A
  • A leading candidate wants to lean toward/more likely to use automatic processing appeals
    -Very early and very late in elections
  • For both - used if you are a candidate and need to avoid backlash.
34
Q

What is the impact of fear/anxiety emotional appeals in campaigns?

A

Fear and anxiety triggers deliberate processing (seeking out more information, not just relying on base partisanship)

35
Q

When and how are fear/anxiety used in campaigns?

A
  • Used by trailing candidates who want to focus more/more likely to use on deliberate appeals
  • If a candidate needs to avoid backlash
  • used in the middle of campaigns
  • used to appeal to swing voters as they rely more on deliberate processing appeals.
36
Q

What are the dimensions of foreign policy conflict?

A

Neo-realist believe conflict between international powers is high. Neo-liberalists believe international conflict is bad, and mutually beneficial relationships are possible.

37
Q

What do liberals believe in regard to foreign policy?

A
  • Liberals are much more likely to say you should care about humanitarian idealism
  • Liberals are slightly more likely to believe that foreign policy should be invested in regime type of a country
  • There is no difference in the belief of religious freedom or religious nationalism arguments between liberals and conservatives.
  • Are more internationalist label
  • Are more supportive of “humanitarian interventions”
38
Q

What do conservatives believe in regard to foreign policy?

A

-Conservatives are more isolationist (to be less involved in the politics of other countries)
- Are more likely to support patriotism
- More supportive of troop deployment and use of force abroad

39
Q

What is/are economically open policies

A

Economically open policies examples include deregulation, cutting taxes, the idea that you are not protecting people from risk
- associated with the republican party
ex. cutting spending from welfare programs

40
Q

What is/are examples of economically closed policies

A
  • Heavy government regulation of the economy
  • considered closed because thats how you mitigate risk
  • greater security
  • produces its own goods and does not participate in international trade
  • ex. providing more money for government programs such as welfare and taxing the rich more
  • Associated with the democratic party.
41
Q

How does a low level of engagement impact the formation of economic policy attitudes

A
  • Never pick up on elite cues
  • cross-pressured due to lack of elite cues on hard issues
42
Q

How does a high level of engagement impact the formation of economic policy attitudes

A
  • acceptance of elite cues
  • brings hard and easy stances in line w/ current party stances
43
Q

What is moral panic?

A

An extreme overreaction to something that does not/does exist but is very minor

44
Q

What are the stages of moral panic?

A
  • Concern -
  • Hostility - directed to the group you think are the problem
  • Consensus - around the source of the problem
    –rally around the idea
  • Disproportionality - response has to be disproportionate
  • Volatility- freaks out for a week and then forgets about it.
45
Q

What causes moral panic and examples.

A

-Grassroots - responses that are local rather than national, and come organically from the community.
-Elite-engineered politicians - they deliberately manufacture a moral panic that is then picked up by the public.
- Interest groups- still is from political elites, but is not group generated
ex. the NRA saying you need to buy your guns now, because if a democrat is in office the democrats will take your guns.

Politics (9 decks)

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