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ww1 > Women > Flashcards

Women Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the philosophy that men and women should occupy different areas of employment?

A

separate spheres philosophy

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2
Q

Example of how men resented women becoming increasingly employed throughout war

A

male dockers in Liverpool preventing women being employed

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3
Q

Number of women in paid employment in 1914

A

5.9million

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4
Q

Main occupation within paid employment for women in 1914

A

domestic service

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5
Q

Number of women in paid employment 1918

A

7.35million

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6
Q

% increase in women in paid employment 1914-18

A

22.5%

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7
Q

How many women were working for the first time during war?

A

1.5million

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8
Q

When did the WSPU organise a march to demand the right for women to be allowed to serve their country?

A

July 1915, London

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9
Q

Increase in number of women employed in transport?

A

544%

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10
Q

Number of women working in transport by end of war

A

117,200

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11
Q

Example of occupation women took over within transport

A

ticket collectors, tram drivers

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12
Q

In 1916 what transport company began training 500 women a month

A

London Omnibus Company

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13
Q

How many women was the London Omnibus Company training monthly by 1916

A

500

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14
Q

Increase in number of women in administration and civil service

A

1,750%

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15
Q

By end of war what % of munitions were produced by women?

A

80%

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16
Q

What industry had the greatest gender gap in pay, what % was this?

A

munitions

around 50%

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17
Q

term for those who worked in munitions factories due to yellow colouring from chemicals

A

Canaries

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18
Q

Increase in number of women employed in munitions factories 1914-18

A

X10

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19
Q

Number of women working in munitions factories 1914

A

90,000

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20
Q

Number of women working in munitions factories 1918

A

947,000

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21
Q

When was the Women’s Land Army set up

A

1915

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22
Q

How many trained nurses in War office in 1914

A

only 700

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23
Q

number of trained nurses in war office in 1918

A

23,000

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24
Q

What proportion of the VAD (voluntary aid detachment) were female

A

2/3

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25
Q

FANY (First Aid Nursing Yeomanry) was set up when

A

1907

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26
Q

When was the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps set up

A

1917

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27
Q

How many women were part of the WAAC throughout war?

A

57,000

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28
Q

What jobs did women of the WAAC occupy?

A

clerks, cooks, mainly administrative

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29
Q

How many women were members of the Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS)

A

6,000

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30
Q

When was the WRNS set up

A

1917

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31
Q

What were members of the WRNS not allowed to do

A

serve at sea

32
Q

How was the WRNS advertised to promote membership?

A

“Free a man for sea service”

33
Q

From what year did the Royal Flying Corps have an all female flying company

A

1917

34
Q

What were women who joined the WRAF trained in

A

take over role of home-based mechanics / engineers

in order to free men in starred occupations for service

35
Q

How many did the WRAF train

A

2,000 women in 40 trades

36
Q

Skills the WRAF taught women included….

A

parachute packing, radio operators, flight mechanics

37
Q

Fawcett (president of the NUWSS) comment on what the war did for the position of women

A

“the war revolutionised the industrial position of women”

38
Q

Why were women not as welcomed into unions

A

men felt they were competition for jobs

felt it may threaten their pay

39
Q

How were women’s finances post-war?

A

financially better off than pre-war

despite their wages being less than their male counterparts

40
Q

Comment on the increase in women in full employment

A

not that drastic an increase

many transferred from other employment

41
Q

What was the rate of employment of women 2yrs post-war compared to pre-war

A

fewer in paid employment

42
Q

When did the number of women in the workplace once again reach war time levels?

A

only by 1939

43
Q

Reduction in domestic servants by 1918

A

400,000

44
Q

How many women had replaced male workers in employment? meaning their employment was not fully secure

A

1 in 3

45
Q

Name a union which refused to represent women

A

Lancashire Cotton Spinners

46
Q

Which governments demands brought improvements to womens pay

A

Labour

47
Q

What improvements were there in women’s pay in 1918

A

labour demanded women earn over £2 weekly when in munitions factories

48
Q

Number of women elected into parliament in 1918

A

1

49
Q

What 1918 act allowed 8.5million women to vote

A

Representation of the People’s Act

50
Q

Conditions to be allowed to vote as a woman from 1918

A
  • over 30

- land access

51
Q

What proportion of the female population could vote from 1918 and what proportion of men?

A

just under 1/3 of women and 1/2 of men

52
Q

What act tackled gender bias in employment in 1919?

A

Sex Disqualification Act

53
Q

When was the Sex Disqualification Act introduced that made it illegal to exclude women from jobs due to gender?

A

1919

54
Q

What act undermined the significance of the Sex Disqualification Act?

A

Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act (1919)

55
Q

When was the Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act introduced?

A

1919

56
Q

What cultural differences were there for women post-war?

A

popularity of ‘bob’ cut

trousers become common

57
Q

Which prominent politician changed his attitudes to women?

A

Asquith

58
Q

What was Asquith’s original opinion of women and the vote?

A

blocked attempts to give women the vote when PM

59
Q

How did Asquith’s opinion of women change during war?

A

acknowledged that there would be a “new order” post-war

questioned how the war could have carried on without women

60
Q

proportion of women who entered the labour force during war who had given up their jobs by 1920

A

2/3

61
Q

What was notable about females entering the medical profession post-war?

A

hospitals that had accepted women as medical students began to turn them away

62
Q

In 1921 what resolution did female civil servants pass that undermined the role of married women?

A

resolution against married women working alongside them

63
Q

When did female civil servants pass a resolution against having married women working alongside them?

A

1921

64
Q

X2 reasons for decline in domestic servants

A

a) women had access to other, better paid, more respected forms of employment
b) upper class couldn’t afford servants due to taxation increases

65
Q

What month in 1918 did women’s suffrage for over 30s get passed?

A

October

66
Q

Who was the 1st elected female MP

A

Lady Astor (conservative)

67
Q

How many women faced unmarried life?

A

1 in 6

68
Q

What changes to suffrage came about in 1928?

A

universal suffrage for all over 21

69
Q

How were some of the VAD nurses awarded?

A

via military medals

70
Q

How many women received military medals?

A

130

71
Q

Representation of the People Act 1918 expanded overall electorate by what

A

from 8 million to 21 million

72
Q

What was included in the Assault against alcohol which showed social repression of women?

A

even greater restrictions on when alcohol can be bought

73
Q

When did the London Omnibus Company begin to employ women?

A

only by 1916

74
Q

Which association showed great hostility towards women - saying it would be ‘unwise’ to employ them?

A

Amalgamated Association of Tram and Vehicle Workers

75
Q

How many women helped bring in 1918 harvest?

A

only 16,000

not all WLA members

ww1 (15 decks)

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