Wk8 Flashcards
Arousal theory
Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal not to eliminate it - We need a drive to act. Stress in excess vs stress that motivates us to reduce it.
Approach-approach conflict
2 attractive alternatives, selecting one means losing the other, ie. dating.
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Choosing between 2 undesirable alternatives - boring study or failing
Approach-avoidance conflict
Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal.
Drive-reduction theory
Motivation stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement and is based on the concept of homeostasis/
Self-determination theory
People have 3 innate needs - competence, autonomy and relatedness to others.
Intrinsic motivation
Enjoyment of and interest in an activity for its own sake.
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation driven by external rewards
Goal-setting theory
Conscious goals regulate much of human behaviour, especially performance on work tasks.
ERG theory
Condensed version of Maslows hierarchy of needs to Existence, Relatedness and Growth.
(Physical, safety, belonging, esteem and self-actualisation)
Attachment motivation
Desire for physical and psychological proximity to another person
Performance goals
Motives to achieve at a particular level
Performance-approach goals
Motivated to attain a goal
Performance-avoidance goals
Motivated by fear of not attaining a goal
Mastery goals
Motives to increase ones competence/skill
Sally is motivated to pack for her holiday because she can’t wait to get to the beach!
Performance-approach goal
Darren is study 10 hours a day because he is afraid he will fail his exam if he doesn’t
Performance-avoidance goal
Georgia is motivated to paint twice a day so that she can brush up on her painting skills
Mastery goals
Psychosocial need
Personal and interpersonal motives for achievement, power, self-esteem, affiliation, intimacy etc.
Agency
Motives for achievement, autonomy, mastery etc
Psychodynamic perspective of motivation
Humans, like other animals are motivated by drive - internal tension states that build up until satisfied. 2 basic drives - sex and aggression. Newly added - need for relatedness and need for self-esteem. Drives now called wishes and fears.
Behaviourist perspective of motivation
Humans, like animals are motivated to produce behaviours rewarded by the environment and to avoid behaviours that are punished - operant conditioning. Biological need-drive-goal-directed behaviour-need satisfied-homeostasis.
Cognitive perspective of motivation
We are driven to attain goals that matter to us but that we also believe we can accomplish.
Expectancy-value theory
Joint function of the value people place on an outcome and the extent to which they believe they can attain it.
Implicit motives
Motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness.
Humanistic perspective of motivation
Maslow - emphasise dignity, individual choice and self-worth. Motivated by their desire for personal growth. Hierarchy of needs, ERG.
Evolutionary perspective of motivation
Motivation is due to instinct, later abandoned as it was determined it’s learning that impacts motivation.
What kind of motivational tasks do high-achievers prefer?
Moderately difficult tasks.
