Wk8

Question 1

Arousal theory

Answer 1

Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal not to eliminate it - We need a drive to act. Stress in excess vs stress that motivates us to reduce it.

Question 2

Approach-approach conflict

Answer 2

2 attractive alternatives, selecting one means losing the other, ie. dating.

Question 3

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 3

Choosing between 2 undesirable alternatives - boring study or failing

Question 4

Approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 4

Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal.

Question 5

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 5

Motivation stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement and is based on the concept of homeostasis/

Question 6

Self-determination theory

Answer 6

People have 3 innate needs - competence, autonomy and relatedness to others.

Question 7

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 7

Enjoyment of and interest in an activity for its own sake.

Question 8

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 8

Motivation driven by external rewards

Question 9

Goal-setting theory

Answer 9

Conscious goals regulate much of human behaviour, especially performance on work tasks.

Question 10

ERG theory

Answer 10

Condensed version of Maslows hierarchy of needs to Existence, Relatedness and Growth.
(Physical, safety, belonging, esteem and self-actualisation)

Question 11

Attachment motivation

Answer 11

Desire for physical and psychological proximity to another person

Question 12

Performance goals

Answer 12

Motives to achieve at a particular level

Question 13

Performance-approach goals

Answer 13

Motivated to attain a goal

Question 14

Performance-avoidance goals

Answer 14

Motivated by fear of not attaining a goal

Question 15

Mastery goals

Answer 15

Motives to increase ones competence/skill

Question 16

Sally is motivated to pack for her holiday because she can’t wait to get to the beach!

Answer 16

Performance-approach goal

Question 17

Darren is study 10 hours a day because he is afraid he will fail his exam if he doesn’t

Answer 17

Performance-avoidance goal

Question 18

Georgia is motivated to paint twice a day so that she can brush up on her painting skills

Answer 18

Mastery goals

Question 19

Psychosocial need

Answer 19

Personal and interpersonal motives for achievement, power, self-esteem, affiliation, intimacy etc.

Question 20

Agency

Answer 20

Motives for achievement, autonomy, mastery etc

Question 21

Psychodynamic perspective of motivation

Answer 21

Humans, like other animals are motivated by drive - internal tension states that build up until satisfied. 2 basic drives - sex and aggression. Newly added - need for relatedness and need for self-esteem. Drives now called wishes and fears.

Question 22

Behaviourist perspective of motivation

Answer 22

Humans, like animals are motivated to produce behaviours rewarded by the environment and to avoid behaviours that are punished - operant conditioning. Biological need-drive-goal-directed behaviour-need satisfied-homeostasis.

Question 23

Cognitive perspective of motivation

Answer 23

We are driven to attain goals that matter to us but that we also believe we can accomplish.

Question 24

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 24

Joint function of the value people place on an outcome and the extent to which they believe they can attain it.

Question 25

Implicit motives

Answer 25

Motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness.

Question 26

Humanistic perspective of motivation

Answer 26

Maslow - emphasise dignity, individual choice and self-worth. Motivated by their desire for personal growth. Hierarchy of needs, ERG.

Question 27

Evolutionary perspective of motivation

Answer 27

Motivation is due to instinct, later abandoned as it was determined it’s learning that impacts motivation.

Question 28

What kind of motivational tasks do high-achievers prefer?

Answer 28

Moderately difficult tasks.