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Psych 1A > Wk2 > Flashcards

Wk2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Any phenomenon that can take on more than one value

A

Variable

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2
Q

What has a continuum of possible values?

A

Continuous variable

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3
Q

What type of variable is comprised of groupings or categories?

A

Categorical variable

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4
Q

What defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce it?

A

Operational

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5
Q

What is it called when every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate?

A

Random Sampling

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6
Q

What is it called when the population is divided into subgroups; participants are chosen to correlate with population percentages?

A

Stratified random sampling

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7
Q

What is it called when you can apply research results to the entire population?

A

Generalisability

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8
Q

What do you call a valid design?

A

Internal validity

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9
Q

What is external validity?

A

Research being applicable to situations outside of the laboratory.

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10
Q

What is it called when you assess the degree to which 2 variables are related?

A

Correlational research

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11
Q

What is a correlational coefficient?

A

The quantification of association between 2 variables, ranging from -1.0 to + 1.0 with 0 meaning two variables are unrelated.

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12
Q

If participants are exposed to a similar procedure as possible what is this procedure known as?

A

Standardised procedure

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13
Q

Quantitative research

A

Experiments/surveys that provide data that can be quantified, tabulated, summarised and analysed.

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14
Q

Qualitative research

A

Exploration of a research topic through methods such as interviews and case studies to gain a richer understanding of the relevant phenomena.

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15
Q

Descriptive research

A

Describes phenomena as it already exists without manipulation.

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16
Q

What is the variable that is being manipulated?

A

Independant variable

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17
Q

What is the variable that is being measured?

A

Dependent variable

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18
Q

What is it called when the sample is not representative of the population as a whole?

A

Sampling bias

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19
Q

If asking the same question several different ways yields the same result what is this called?

A

Internal consistency

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20
Q

If 2 different interviewers rate an individual on some dimension and give that person similar scores what is this known as?

A

Interrater reliability

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21
Q

What research method manipulates variables to assess cause and effect?

A

Experimental

22
Q

What research method is an in-depth observation of a small number of cases?

A

Descriptive

23
Q

What research method is an in-depth observation of a phenomenon as it occurs in nature?

A

Naturalistic observation

24
Q

What research method asks people questions about their attitudes, behaviours etc?

A

Survey research

25
Q

What are cofounding variables?

A

Two variables that are interconnected, cannot determine which one has influenced a dependent variable

26
Q

What are cofounding variables?

A

Two variables that are interconnected, cannot determine which one has influenced a dependent variable

27
Q

What is it called when the researcher influences participants to respond in a manner that is consistent with their hypothesis?

A

Experimenter expectancy

28
Q

What is it called when higher scores on one variable are associated with higher scores on a second variable?

A

Positive correlation

29
Q

What is it called when higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on a second variable?

A

Negative correlation

30
Q

What is a scatterplot?

A

Shows the correlation between 2 variables

31
Q

What are the 6 steps to conducting an experiment?

A
  1. Frame hypothesis
  2. Operationalise variables
  3. Develop standardised procedure.
  4. Select and assign participants.
  5. Apply statistical techniques to data
  6. Draw conclusions
32
Q

What value shows statistical significance?

A

p= <0.05

33
Q

What is a quasi-experiment?

A

Shares similar features of an experiment but do not allow as much control over all relevant variables and cannot provide certainty about cause and effect. Eg. Measure of the impact on memory in divorce.

34
Q

What is it called when there are errors in measurement due to investigator seeing what they expect to see?

A

Researcher/observer bias

35
Q

What are the 3 measures of central tendency?

A

Mean - Average of a set of scores
Median - Midpoint of scores when arranged from highest to lowest
Mode - Most frequently occurring score

36
Q

What are measures of variability?

A

Degree of variation in a distribution of scores

37
Q

What is the range?

A

Difference between the highest and lowest scores

38
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

How much each score differs from the mean

39
Q

What is it called when most scores fall in the middle of a bell curve?

A

normal distribution

40
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

How confident we can be making inferences about a population based on the sample

41
Q

What indicates the magnitude of the experimental effect or strength of the relationship?

A

Effect size

42
Q

What is a chi-square test?

A

It is used if both IV and DV are categorical to compare observed data with the results that would be expected by chance.

43
Q

What is a t-test?

A

It compares the mean scores of 2 groups

44
Q

What is ANOVA

A

An analysis of variance can be used to compare the mean of 2 or more groups assessing the likelihood that differences in means among groups occurred by chance.

45
Q

What is the method of organising data to show how frequently participants received each of the possible scores?

A

A frequency distribution

46
Q

What is a histogram?

A

It plots ranges of scores along the x axis and frequency of scores on the y axis.

47
Q

Although I ran an elegant study which produced significant differences between groups in my lab, my results don’t actually predict what people do in the real world. My study is very low in:

A

External validity

48
Q

An experiment compares student GPAs between those who eat breakfast and those who don’t. After the experiment, it is found that those who eat breakfast in the cafeteria are also listening to music. Not only do the two groups differ in terms of who has breakfast, but they also differ in terms of who hears the music. Music is a:

A

Possible confounding variable

49
Q

What kind of design is useful if experimentation is impractical and takes advantage of natural groups as they exist in nature?

A

Quasi-experiment

50
Q

If I perform some statistics on the data that I have gathered, and those statistics merely summarise the findings, I must have used:

A

Descriptive statistics

51
Q

When is deception considered useful?

A

When demand characteristics would influence the results of an important study

Psych 1A (9 decks)

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