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Psych 1A > Wk5 > Flashcards

Wk5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Generate electricity and create nerve impulses and release chemicals that facilitate communication.

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2
Q

Glial cells

A

Are the support of neurons, they; hold neurons in place, manufacture nutrient chemicals and absorb toxins and waste.

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3
Q

3 steps in the activation of nerve impulses

A
  1. neuron has resting electric potential
  2. action potential occurs when neuron is stimulated
  3. original iconic balance is restored; neuron is at rest again
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4
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

neuron cannot fire again until it regains its natural negative polarisation

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5
Q

All-or-none law

A

action potentials occur at a uniform and maximum potential or they do not occur at all

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6
Q

Action potential threshold

A

Change needed to fire is 250 milivolts

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7
Q

Graded potentials

A

any change to resting potential that doesn’t reach the threshold.

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8
Q

4 steps of neuron communication

A
  1. synthesis - transmitter molecules are formed
  2. storage - transmitter molecules are stored in the axon terminals
  3. Release - action potential in one neuron triggers the release of those transmitter molecules across the gap
  4. Binding - transmitter molecules bind themselves to receptor sites which are large protein molecules embedded in the receiving neurons cell membrane.
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9
Q

What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory - cause the action potential to fire
Inhibitory - prevent the neuron from firing

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10
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons - carry messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain
Motor neurons - transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs
Interneurons - perform connective or associate functions

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11
Q

Excitatory neurons

A

Cause the action potential to fire

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12
Q

Inhibitory neurons

A

Prevent the neuron from firing

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13
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain - outside-in.

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14
Q

Motor neurons

A

Transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs - inside-out.

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

Perform connective functions

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16
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Learning and memory. Disorders - Alzheimer’s (under), paralysis (under), convulsions (over).

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17
Q

noradrenalin

A

Excitatory - Controls learning, memory, wakefulness and eating. Disorders - Depression (under), stress and panic (over)

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18
Q

Serotonin

A

Inhibitory - Mood, sleep, eating and arousal - underlies pleasure and pain. Disorders - Depression, sleep and eating disorders (under) and OCD (over).

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19
Q

Dopamine

A

Excitatory - voluntary movement, emotional arousal, learning, memory and experiences of pleasure/pain. Disorders - Parkinsons and depression (under) and schizophrenia (over)

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20
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory

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21
Q

Endorphins

A

Mood and pain. Disorders - Insensitivity to pain (over) Pain hypersensitivity (under)

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22
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch like extensions of the neuron that receive inputs from other cells.

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23
Q

Cell body

A

Includes the nucleus that contains the genetic material of the cell and is considered the brains of the operation.

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24
Q

Axon

A

Long extension from the cell body (up to 1mtre) that transmits information to other neurons.

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25
Q

Myelin sheath

A

coat of cells composed primarily of fats that help transmit information to other neurons. Insulates axon from chemical and physical stimuli that might interfere with nerve impulses. They also dramatically increase the speed of transmission.

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26
Q

White matter

A

From the myelinated axons

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27
Q

Grey matter

A

Cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated sheaths

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28
Q

Terminal buttons

A

At the end of the axon sending signals from a neuron to adjacent cell.

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29
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between two cells

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30
Q

Synapses

A

Connections between neurons

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31
Q

Resting potential

A

When a neuron is not firing and electrical charge is 70 milivolts. Membrane is polarised - inside has a negative change and outside has a positive charge.

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32
Q

Graded potential

A

Change in cells voltage is passed down dendrites and cell body.
When a neuron is stimulated it can reduce the membranes polarisation and make it more likely to fire or increase polarisation and make it less likely to fire. Graded potentials strength diminishes as it moves along the cell membrane and they are cumulative or additive - If 2 potentials at each end are the same they cancel eachother out.

33
Q

Action potential

A

The firing of the neuron - Rapidly spreads down the length of the axon to the terminal buttons and has an all-or-none quality.

34
Q

Neurotransmitter release

A

Action potential causes terminal buttons to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

35
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory - Learning

36
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Contains all the neural structures that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Input functions - sense what is going on inside and outside the body.
Output functions - enable response

37
Q

Input functions

A

Sense what is going on inside and outside the body

38
Q

Output functions

A

Enable response

39
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Allows us to sense and respond to our environment

40
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Basic life functions - sense the body’s internal functions and controls glands and smooth muscles that form the heart, blood vessels, and lining of the stomach and intestines.

41
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

activation or arousal (fight or flight)

42
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Slows down the body, maintains equilibrium.

43
Q

Hindbrain

A

Lowest and most primitive part of the brain.
Brain stem - supports vital life functions.
Medulla - heart rate and respiration, blood pressure and vomiting
Pons - carries nerve impulses between higher and lower levels of the nervous system and regulates sleep
Cerebellum - muscular movement coordination, learning and memory.

44
Q

Brain stem

A

Supports vital life functions

45
Q

Medulla

A

Heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and vomiting

46
Q

Pons

A

Carries nerve impulses between higher and lower levels of the nervous system and regulates sleep

47
Q

Cerebellum

A

Muscular movement coordination, learning and memory.

48
Q

Midbrain

A

contains clusters of sensory and motor neurons
Reticular formation - alerts higher centres of the brain that messages are coming.
Tectum - structures involved in vision and hearing.
Tegmentum - Serves a variety of functions, mostly to do with movement.

49
Q

Reticular formation

A

Alerts higher centres of the brain that messages are coming.

50
Q

Forebrain

A

Most evolutionary advanced part of the brain.
Cerebrum - Major structure consisting of 2 hemispheres
Thalamus - switchboard that organises inputs from sensory organs and routes them to the appropriate areas
Hypothalamus - Motivation and emotion, sexual behaviour, temperature regulation, eating, drinking and aggression.
Limbic system - amygdala and hippocampus
Cerebral cortex - outermost layer

51
Q

Cerebrum

A

Major structure consisting of 2 hemispheres

52
Q

Thalamus

A

Switchboard that organises inputs from sensory organs and routes them to the appropriate area.

53
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Motivation and emotion, sexual behaviour, temperature regulation, eating, drinking and aggression.

54
Q

Tectum

A

Includes structures involved in vision and hearing

55
Q

Tegmentum

A

Midbrain - variety of functions, mostly to do with movement.

56
Q

Limbic system

A

Set of structures with diverse functions involving emotions, motivation, learning and memory - amygdala and hippocampus

57
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

unmyelinated cells that form the outer layer. Fissures mark the 4 lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.

58
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in many emotional processes - learning and remembering emotionally significant events. Fear detector

59
Q

Hippocampus

A

Storing new information in memory.

60
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Set of structures including the putamen and caudate nucleus that are involved in a wide array of functions, especially movement and judgements that require minimal conscious thought.

61
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Thick band of axons connecting the two hemispheres

62
Q

Motor cortex

A

controls 600+ muscles for voluntary body movement

63
Q

Sensory cortex

A

receives sensory input from sensory receptors

64
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Speech understanding, located in the temporal lobe

65
Q

Broca’s area

A

Speech formation, located in the frontal lobe

66
Q

Association cortex

A

Located across the brain. Important in language, perception and thought

67
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to identify familiar objects

68
Q

Hemispheric lateralisation

A

relatively greater localisation of a function in one hemisphere or the other.

69
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Verbal activities, speech, math and logic. More active when you’re feeling positive emotions

70
Q

Right hemisphere

A

spatial relations, faces, mental imagery, music, art. More active when you’re feeling negative emotions.

71
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Located at the rear - specialised for vision.

72
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Infront of occipital lobe. Involved in touch, detecting movement, locating objects and experiencing ones own body.

73
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Different areas receive different info from different body parts.

74
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Movement, attention, planning, social skills, abstract thinking, memory and some aspects of personality.

75
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Lower portion - Important in hearing and language

76
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability for neurons to change in structure and function

77
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Production of new neurons in the nervous system

78
Q

Neural stem cells

A

immature uncommitted cells that can mature any type of neuron or glial cell

Psych 1A (9 decks)

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